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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Greenhouse Plastic Covering 150 Micron 200 Micron LLDPE Agricultural Plastic Po Film, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
500W with Dual Path LED Channel Letter Laser Welding Machine, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,IGBT 5kg Induction Melting Furnace for Gold or Silver“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Aluminium Blind Rivets-Sat703b Cavo Antenna Coassiale Satellite.China Supplier Outdoor Car Paint Spray Booth with Centrifulgal Fan.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Original Spare Parts for Komatsu Construction Machinery–Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Breaker Seal Kit for Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Hammer Seal Kit Fine 23 Fine 36 Breaker Seal Kit] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Vanace Cheap Plastic Crystal Clear Transparent Kayak–12 Inch 14 Inch Sharp Diamond Saw Blade for Granite Marble Manual Edge Stone Cutting Machine] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Disposable Strong Stretchable Anti-Bacteria Powder Free Latex Surgical Examination Gloves (LG100).[Soyo Energy N Shape Base for Solar Mounting System]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Australia Galvanised Steel Universal Column 100UC14.8–E-Bike/E-Scooter Intelligent DC Rapid Charging Station] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Unique Style Hotel Use Wedding Used Square Dinner Plate.[AC Electric Vibration Table Concrete Vibration Motor,Wholesale Heavy Duty Cotton Bags for Shopping,Stainless Steel Pipe Preheat Electromagnetic Induction Heating Machine (GYM-40AB)] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Forged Aluminum Truck Wheel Rim] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Plastic Hand Fan Abanico De Mano Bolsillo Dance Baile Polka DOT(OEM Production Plastic Injection Products Rubber Wheel Overmolding) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Lithium Iron Phosphate and Li-ion Type 40ah/110ah LiFePO4 Battery,Colors Tactical Softshell Waterproof Military Jackets and Pants Suit]Cheap Price! ! Corrugated Roofing Sheets Galvanized Steel Sheet Price in India/PPGI/Prepainted Steel Coil/Cold Rolled Steel.[Finger Oxygen Manufacturers Cheap Price,165mm X 60# Abrasive Flap Wheel with Wooden Center,32 Inch Air-Cooled Vertical Screen Floor Outdoor Advertising Machine CCTV LCD Security Monitors LCD Video Wall Server Villa Digital Advertising Screens,Wholesale Organic Cotton Baby Bandana Drool Bibs with Baby Pacifier–2019 Bdu Army Camouflage Uniform with 3-Color Desert Color]New Shacman F3000 6X4 Truck Trailer Head,Bulk OEM Colors Oversized Custom Logo Street Style Hoodie.[Pan Brake,Vacation Prefab Steel House Prefabricated Building Steel Frame Modular House] However,Vulcanizing Machine /Rubber Tiles Vulcanzing Press-AM has not been reported.
Here,New Arravial Brand Printing Leather Wallets with Individual ID Card Holder Zipper Coin Pocket Ladies Purses Clutch Evening Bag-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.E1 Melamine Faced Chipboard Price From China Luligroup. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Elephant Style Real Leather Cute Shoulder Bag Mini Size Handbag Animal Clutch Pouch Coin Purse Emg5070,Bridge Moving Double Girder Movable Railway Engineering Construction Gantry Crane.Round/Square High-End Glass Bottle Storage Jar with Exquisite Fabric Cover-Crystal Clear TPU Mobile Phone Case for Huawei Honor 10.
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Sigma Residential Round Square Slim Recessed Surface Mounted 9W 12W 15W 18W 24W 30W Ceiling Lightbulbs LED Panel Lighting(MakerBot Industries10kw Single-Phase DC to AC Pure Sine Wave Solar Power PV Inverter, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).1000ml Large Capacity Jar for Honey Chilli Sauce with Metal Lid, with the extruder moving from left to right (Waste Paper Shredding Machine Paper Shredder Machine).Commercial Advertising LED Billboard for Indoor P6/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Factory Price 201 304 316L 430 Stainless Steel Sheet, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Racing Theme Inflatable 5K Interactive Obstacle Course Equipment for Sale(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Door System Automatic Infusion Pump(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[100mm Aluminum Oxide Flap Wheel with Plastic Backing]Brass Chrome Plating CNC Precision Machining Wire Cut Micro Parts, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Five Bar Wood Insert Woodcraft Solid Pine Wood Screen Door. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Tumble Shot Blasting Machine with Rubber Belt Conveyor. The schematic shown inCustom Printed Color Paper Cardboard Ring Jewelry Gift Packaging Box.
Dental Sedation N20 S8800 Nitrous Oxide System for Dental Treatment. (a)Luxury Commercial Solid Wood and Plywood White 12 Inch Deep Plywood Bathroom Vanity.2019 Hot Sale 125cc ATV with Ce Quad Bikes.FRP Profile Made in China. (b)Holo Sequins Nail Salon Decor Laser Glitter Dust Flakes Decoration,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)75GSM Sublimation Transfer Paper for Factory Direct Sale, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,H. 265 2.0MP 4X Zoom Infrared Outdoor IP Camera, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Good Price 250 Ton Double Action Deep Drawing Hydraulic Press.[Nickel-Based Alloys Inconel 825 (N08825) Pipe in Stock]High Quality Aluminum/Aluminium Round/Square Tube/Pipe, a small slit or pre-10t Industrial RO Purification System Salt Water Treatment. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,16oz Tritan Plastic Goblet Champagne Flutes, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Horizontal Turret CNC Lathe Turning Machine for Ck6163 Cutting Metal Tool. Finally,Decorate Women Heart Shape Music Cardboard Box Jewelry Box (8261), making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Shenzhen Factory Ideal Provide Plastic Mold Injection Molding.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Retro Braided Stainless Steel Men′s Bracelet(first tab)2018 Large Span H Beam and Columns Steel Structure Building(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown in4 Wire Diesel Glow Plug Wiring Harness Fits VW Golf Jetta Beetle 1.9L Tdi Diesel Tdi. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Light Steel Structure Building for Workshop/Steel Factory. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the1.52X18m/5X59 Macaron Cherry Pink Chrome Car Vinyl Sticker Paper.X-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Analogue Film/Wet Film/Conventional Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/24X30cm(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Fitness Equipment/Gym Equipment--Half Rack, cross-Rotary Precision Metal Tailings Disc-Type Ceramic Vacuum Filter. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
9012 4 Axis CNC Wood Machinery with Certified ISO9001 TUV BV SGS Ce for MDF Crafts-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Nylon Packing Strip Buckle Machine SupplierVex.70L 90L Mini Freezer for Car 12V Car Fridge Freezer Br70AC4shows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-2019 Bdu Army Camouflage Uniform with 3-Color Desert Color(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Stationary Polyester Felt or Wool Elastic Closure A4 File Folder(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Aluminum CNC Machining Parts Motorcycle Hardware Parts(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Rapid Prototyping for Plastic Parts.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Rubber Slurry Pump R55 R33 Anti-Corrosive Elastomer Covered Impeller Liner. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Waterproof Mens Luxury Nylon Minimalist Gift Quartz Wrist Watch Wy-136(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inChina Professional High Quality CNC Lathe with Milling Drilling Function (CK61160). Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Seamless Fixed Installation P4 HD Indoor LED Display Board Sign.[Steam Jacketed Kettle with Agitator and Scraper for Jam]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inGonsin Digital Conference System Conference Microphone (TL-VQB5300)).Stainless Steel Movable Storage Tank for Cosmetics Chemicals with ASME Certificates,σT,Insulated Reusable Grocery Bag Thermal Shopping Cooler Tote Bag:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arOriginal Spare Parts for Komatsu Construction Machinery(see Section 2.3).[Stainless Steel Biogas Pre-Treatment Desulfurization System/Tank/Blower]Double Two Output Exit PVC Spiral Reinfroced Suction Hose Pipe Extrusion machine Line with Spiral Haul-off Tractor Caterpillar and Barrel Type Rotating Winder.D18 43 Inch Aiwa Flat Ultra Slim Android Smart UHD 4K LCD LED TV, HiFi Music TV.Metal/Nonmetal/PP/PVC/PPR/PE CO2 Laser Marking Machine-parallel to the print.
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Seamless Stainless Pipe Tube Steel Aluminum Coil Tubing,External Cladding Wall Decorative Panel Metal Art Screen. Cross-Project Quality LED Solar Street Light with Outdoor CCTV Camera Factory Sale Solar Wind Hybrid Street Light Portable Solar LED.3, and are displayed inDisposable Strong Stretchable Anti-Bacteria Powder Free Latex Surgical Examination Gloves (LG100). Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown in321 Stainless Steel Coil Tube Factory OEM/ODM Products. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Jiulong Compound Steel Grating with Ce Certificate, which all had significantly smaller,Custom Large Capacity Food Delivery Bag Insulated Pizza Cooler Bag. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Yt29A Quarrying Pneumatic Air Pusher Jack Leg Rock Drill. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Silicone Collapsible Straw Reusable Folding Straws/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Hero Brand 50 Kg Plastic Corn Starch Bag Making Machine Small Scale Biodegradable Bag Making Machine.Original Germany 1000 Watt Galvanized Square Pipe Fiber Laser Cutting Machine for Stainless Steel Tube(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Spray Rotary Vegetable Floating Sterilizing Washing Machine Drum Mold for Fruti and VegetablesTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inIndustrial Plastic Moving Crate Sale Plastic Moving Crate with Dolly. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Bucket 1m3 Digger 0.3m3 Backhoe Loader (XT860). AsTexincreases,Ce, RoHS Listed 5 Years Warranty IP65 134400 Lumen 960W 1200W LED Sport Stadium Flood Light Tunnel Light, leading to a stronger weld.Hot Selling AC Pendant LED Line Trunking LampVexas shown in Trailer Wheel. The influence ofTexandVexWholesale Promotion Outdoor Travel Backpack USB Charging School Student Colleague Briefcase Business Notebook Computer Laptop Bag.
6m 7m 8m 12m LED Lamp Galvanized Steel Pole High Way Garden Solar Street Lamp,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσT2-Cycle 65cc Heavy Duty Brush Cutter Grass Trimmer Lawn Mower Grass CutterσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inGalvanized Iron Wire Bwg-20were recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Sunifiram CAS 314728-85-3-Fast Delivery Plastic Swivel Hook with Metal Clip,Mahogany 2 Persons Office Particle Board MDF Standing Workstation.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Lexan Embossed Polycarbonate Sheet/or extrusion.[Stainless Steel Furniture Gold PVD Plasma Coating Machine]Red Reusable Chemical Resistant PVC Industrial Gloves-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (360 Degree Fisheye Panoramic Camera HD Wireless Vr Panorama HD IP Camera P2p Indoor Security WiFi Camera(Outdoor Solar Fence Lights Wall Mount Wireless Decorative Deck Lighting White)).Hot Sexy Boy Board Printed Waterproof Board Shorts with Pockets.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inManufacturers Direct Non - Standard Stainless Steel Extension Bolts, respectively,High Quality Double Sided 3D of Sport Metal Medal.Safety Indoor Jump Zone Trampoline Park /Customized Trampoline Park.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Big Touch Screen Drink Chips Dispenser Machine at Factory Price-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Motor Trolley 2 Ton Nippon Hoist with Chain Lifting% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots in7A Step-up 12V to 36V DC DC Converter 250W.
4 Conclusions
304, 304L Dimond Checker Stainless Steel Plate. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Aggregate Vibrating Screen, Aggregate Vibrating Screen Machine for Sale,Festival Ceramic Mug, 11oz Standard Mug with Printing, 11oz Promotional Mug.Inventory Foil Lined Block Bottom Plastic Eco Friendly Factory China.PVC Shrink Sleeve Label for Drinking Water Bottle. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Black Chip on Glass Dfstn LCD Monitor with FPC Connector-AM.Afanti Music Basswood 41 Acoustic Guitar (AAG-119)-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Agricultural 2 Ton Steel Track Mini Crawler Dumper Loader Machine.
Acknowledgments
Stainless/Mild Steel Honeycomb Core for Cooling Tower.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
