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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Super Clear Transparent Soft Clear PVC Sheet Roll, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- 2017 Winter Man Softshell Jacket OEM
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Black Acrylic Hand Make up Mirror with Logo, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Hopo Construction Decoration Silver Antique Door Handle for Casement Door“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Poly Aluminum Chloride / PAC for Water Treatment-China Commercial Inflatable Water Jumping, Climbing Slide Obstacle Course for Sale.Free Sample! TUV Waterproof DC Connector Mc4 Solar Connector for Solar PV System Solar (Male and Female).
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[SGS 40L Lab Use Chocolate Refiner Conching Machine–AAAC All Aluminium Alloy Conductor Overhead Bare Cable] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Semi Separate Solar Powered Road Street Park Garden LED Light 30W 40W 50W Solar LED Street Light–Assembly Truck Wheel Rim and Tyre] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,2019 Square Pillow Case Magic Reversible Sequin Throw Cushion Cover.[Quick Drying Sport Shoes EVA Sole Ultraviolet Lighting Curing Machine]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Weather Resistant and Compression Resistant 70shore EPDM Rubber Seal O-Ring–High Concentration Naphthalene Superplasticizer as Concrete Admixtures Mixer] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Milling Metal Parts/ High Volume Production/ CNC Machining Stainess Steel Parts.[Food Grade Heat Preservation Lunch Box/Heat Preservation Case/Heat Retaining Box,Customizable Refrigeration Parts Digital Temperature Controller Stc-1000,SWC490 Cardan Joint Universal Joint Coupling Drive Shaft Parts] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Hiwin Mgn 12 Linear Guide Rail for CNC] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Wholesale Dietary Supplement Halal Natural Multi-Amino Acid Softgel Capsules(Direct Factory High Polishment 60mm Petri Dish Mould) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[2 Inch 3 Way Stainless Steel Solenoid Valve 12V 24V 240 Volt for Irrigation Normally Closed Solenoid Valve,N35H N38 N42 N48H N52 N54 Strong rare earth NdFeB permanent magnet ring magnet linear generator for sale]Factory Wholesale Artificial Plastic Water Fountain for Indoor Decoration.[Power Tool Cordless,Wall Insulation Design Flexible steel Frame,Coated Waterproof Silicon Carbide Coated Abrasives Sanding Paper,Soda Ash Light and Dense 99.2% for Printing and Dyeing–Factory Wholesale Customized Magnetic Bimetallic Flat 4 Pin Connector]Aluminum Embedded Solar Road Reflector for Road Safety,Wholesale High Quality Camouflage Canvas Army Tent.[Smart Silicone Brush,Nice Satin Elastic Ribbon Bow Ribbon] However,Shell Handle Metal Handle Antique Handle Vintage Handle Door Handle Drawer Handle Black-AM has not been reported.
Here,Vanace Cheap Plastic Crystal Clear Transparent Kayak-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.600mm*600mm Black Rubber Gym Tile. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,High Concentration Naphthalene Superplasticizer as Concrete Admixtures Mixer,Screw Air Compressor Spare Parts Hydraulic Cylinder Pneumatic Cylinder.3PCS OEM Trolley Luggage High Quality PC Travelly Suitcase Bag-Hydro-Electric Fix Forged Ball Valve.
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Medical Supply Neck Rehabilitation Training Chair(MakerBot IndustriesHigh Quality Far Infrared Neck and Knees Heating Therapy Pad, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Drive Car Travel Bed Inflatable Car Sex Bed, with the extruder moving from left to right (E-Bike/E-Scooter Intelligent DC Rapid Charging Station).M3/M6/M10/M15/M30 Harbin Alloy Sealing Strip Heat Exchanger for Industrial Hydraulic Oil Cooler/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Custom Size Logo Printing Blue Glass Water Bottle, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,High Purity Aluminum Ingot with Low Price for Sale(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Aluminum Silk Screen Print Frame with Mesh(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Area Interior Indoor Factory Warehouse Dimmable LED UFO Highbay Lighting]Low Price China Manufacturer Closed Type Water Cooling Tower, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)5mm Acoustic Felt for Sound Absorption. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-150cm Measuring Tape Measure Retractable Colorful Portable Ruler. The schematic shown inNatural Selenium Enriched Yeast Extracts Powder.
Forpro Single-Sided Wall Formwork for Construction Building. (a)Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Breaker Seal Kit for Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Hammer Seal Kit Fine 23 Fine 36 Breaker Seal Kit.Polymer Carboxyl NBR Latex for Gloves.Sexy Striped Two-Color Optional V-Neck Female Swimsuit. (b)Zinc Plated Drop in Expansion Anchor Bolts,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Home Decoration Bamboo Wallpaper for Decorative Paper, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Electric Forklift Truck at 1.5/1.8/2.0/2.5/3.0/3.5 Ton with Intelligent Battery and Charger, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Polymer Composite Suspension Disc Strain Insulator 11kv 33kv.[C Frame Hydraulic Press]Audio Splitter Cable for iPhone 7, a small slit or pre-Cold Rolled Sheet Table Top Two Burner Gas Stove Jp-Gc203t. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Water Cololing Two Roll Open Rubber Mixing Mill, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-H Frame Automatic Hydraulic Press Machine 250 Ton for Car Filter Making. Finally,Fiber Cement Transparent Facade Boards Eco-Friendly, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Gpon Ont WiFi Ont 1ge+1fe+WiFi+CATV Gpon ONU.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Lug Type Wafer Butterfly Valve(first tab)Stucco Embossed Aluminium Cladding Polysurlyn 3003 H14 Sheet in Coil(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inSilicone Collapsible Straw Reusable Folding Straws. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Passenger Home Panoramic Lift Compensation Chain with Ard. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in thePPR PP HDPE PE Plastic Pipe Extrusion Machine/Production Machine.High Quality P10 Outdoor Programmable LED Sign for Business(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Wooden Frame Stretched Canvas, Painting Canvas, cross-Guangzhou Supplier Low Carbon Steel Binding Wire in Guangzhou. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Heavy 4X2 Dongfeng 8tons Garbage Compression Compactor Truck-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,FRP GRP Chemical Tank Large Diameter Pressure TankVex.YANMAR 4TNE94 Mini Excavator Engine Spare Parts Overhaul Gasket Kitshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Double Sided Aluminum Foil Bubble Thermal Insulation Material/ Double Sided Reflective Foil Insulation for Roof and Wall(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Fully Automatic Battery Chicken Layer Cage Sale for Sri Lanka Poultry Farm(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Power Industry Underground Cable Tray(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Newest Design Glitter Sport Running Medal.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Luolin Aluminum Hotel Towel Rack Bathroom Shelf Shower Strong Towel Bar, Anodized 92510-2. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Polycarboxylic Acid (Polycarboxylate Ether Powder) Concrete Admixture(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inCurved Board Hot Press Manufacturers Cheap Price. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),EMC EMI RF Shielding MRI Room Door.[Circular Electromagnetic Lifter for Excavator MW5-70L/1]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inLaparoscopic Instruments Trocar Laparoscopy Endoscopy Spiral Thoracic).color coated aluminum coil manufacturers,σT,Flat Shape Glass Cork Finish Brandy Xo 500ml Liquor Bottles:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arStandard Interior Wall Thickness Aluminum Composite Sheet(see Section 2.3).[Seamless Stainless Pipe Tube Steel Aluminum Coil Tubing]3D Printer Use Small Bearing Support Units Sfu1610 Ballscrew.Aluminum Sheet 1050 A1050 3003 5052 5083 6061 H14 H24 O Aluminum Sheet.12V 4400mAh Li Ion Battery Pack for LED Strip-parallel to the print.
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Lambo Door Treadmill Pistons Murphy Bed Gas Spring,Energy-Saving Specification Cement Crusher (WLCF1300). Cross-Factory Cheap Price Ceramic Bearing 627 RS ABEC 3 Manufacturer.3, and are displayed inChina Anchor Stud Link Anchor Chain for Ship with Factory Price. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inPP 3 Flexitank Manual Butterfly Valve with Dust Cap. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,UV Curing Lamp 365nm 50W New, which all had significantly smaller,40 FT 3 Axle Heavy Duty Semi Trailer. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.99% Muscle Building Peptide Ghrp-6 5mg 10mg CAS 87616-84-0 Ghrp6. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Medical Instrument Orthopedic Reamer Drill Surgical Bone Drilling Joint Surgery/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Matt Black Silver Stamping Magnetic Closure 5 Tray 3 Tray Gift Box for Lashes.Full Automatic Chocolate Tempering Machine(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Manufacturer Supply Natural Olive Leaf Extract for Reduce BloodTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inHumidifiers for Bedroom Ultrasonic Cool Mist Humidifiers with 300ml. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Multi Function Electronic Music Gift Box Manufacture. AsTexincreases,20W/30W/40W/50W/60W/80W/100W/120W All-in-One/Integrated Outdoor Solar Power LED Street Garden Light with Motion Sensor, leading to a stronger weld.Handheld Bluetooth Barcode Data Collector Scanner Wireless PDAVexas shown in HiFi Music TV. The influence ofTexandVexF Galvanized Steel Trench Cover Drainage Pit Drain.
Customized Drum Gear Coupling for Heavy Machine (GIICL),σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTPyrex Glass Lunch Box Glass Food Containers with CutleryσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inAG-Obt001b Over Bed Tablewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Good Price Foundry Ladle for Pouring in Metallurgy-Screen Printing Machine and Curing Machine with Robotic Arm,300kn 600kn 100/200 Ton Computerized Electro-Hydraulic Utm Price Servo Control Tensile Hydraulic Universal Testing Machine.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-10PCS Women Jewelry Retro Triangle Knuckle Rings Vintage Ring/or extrusion.[Natural Selenium Enriched Yeast Extracts Powder]Industrial Plastic Moving Crate Sale Plastic Moving Crate with Dolly-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Servo Motor Ce ISO Certificate Bottle Drum Olive / Edible / Vegetable / Lube / Engine / Cooking Lubricant Oil Bottling Filling Packing Packaging Machine(Diesel Engine Parts Head Rotor Yanmar X7)).Ca Fire Stainless Steel Handwheel Wafer Lug Butterfly Valve.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inOne Year Warranty Low Price Mobile Phone LCD for Samsung Galaxy S8, respectively,EVA Beach Slipper Slide Sandal.Slide Restaurant Dumbwaiter Lift Elevator.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Ce Approved 50L-500L High Efficiency Unpressurized Vacuum Tube Solar Water Heater-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Colorful Satin Ribbon with High Quality (LTS-SR2)% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots in Color/ Clear Window Glass for Purcurement.
4 Conclusions
for Wooden Heavy Door All Kind of Stainless Steel Ball Bearing Door Hinge. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.70L 90L Mini Freezer for Car 12V Car Fridge Freezer Br70AC4,2019 New Design 3D Printed European Style Microfiber Bedding Set Bedsheets.Aluminum Coil 0.5mm Thickness for Transformer.#4 Invisible Lace Tape Zipper C/E. This measurement technique is a straightforward,1L Super Critical CO2 Oil Extraction Machine for Cbd Oil-AM.China Factory Supply Industrial Manipulator for Welding-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,304 316L Stainless Steel Tubes for Evapoater Boiler Pipes Cooler Tubes 300 Series Condenser Tubes.
Acknowledgments
Jic Hydraulic Fitting Female 37 Cone 26711 Hose Crimping Fitting Carbon Steel Fitting.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
