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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,1m to 10m Small Home Elevator for Disabled Person, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Caterpillar for Big Cable Production Line Haul-off, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Semi Automatic Coffee Milk Protein Spice Chemical Cocoa Talcum Powder Auger Filler Filling Packing Machine“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Llw Worm Screen Continuous Centrifuge-Plastic NFC Mini Tag Woven Fabric RFID Bracelet Wristband.9A Grade Unprocessed Remy Human Hair Chinese Virgin Hair Silky Straight.
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Wholesale Custom Free Design Name Rhinestone/Lapel Pin/Flower/Jewelry/Alloy/Crystal/Badge/Metal/Tin/Flag/Army/Emblem Brooch for Promotional Gift–Servo Motor Ce ISO Certificate Bottle Drum Olive / Edible / Vegetable / Lube / Engine / Cooking Lubricant Oil Bottling Filling Packing Packaging Machine] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[CNC Laser Cutting Machine 1325 CNC Router for Wood Acrylic MDF–2019 New 3D Wooden Design Waterproof Wallpaper for Decor] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,2019 Opt Shr IPL E-Light Beauty Hair Removal Machine IPL Shr.[High Quality Wood Log Debarker for Plywood Making]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Fog Light LED Light Bar Wire Harness with LED Light on off Waterproof Toggle Switch Wire Assembly–Hot Sale Washing Machine Stainless Steel Floor Drain] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Ce Horse Manure Pellet Making Machine with Ce.[Manufactor of Pillow Block Bearing,170t Water Resistant Taffeta Fabric,Portable Self-propelled Plate Edge Cold Blade Deburrer] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[OEM Multi - Electrode Auto and Motorcycle Spark Plugs] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
SMT Samsung Sm411 Sm431 Servo Motor Pbm565dxc26 J91671928A in Stock to Sell(Compost Turning Machine for Organic Fertilizer Equipment) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Factory Wholesale Carbon Round Galvanized Steel Pipe Price,UV Light Change Colors ABS Filament 3D Printer Printing Material]High Quality Promote Sleep Polypeptide Powder Dsip for Well Sleep.[50kg PP Woven Block Bottom Cement Bag with Printing,Polycarbonate Silver Party Banquet Outdoor Rental Tiffany Chair, Soundproof,Cheapest Constuction Safety Shoes Foot Wear for Men–Tool Sets with Power Tools Home Use]10kv-1100kv Electric Power Transmission Metal Lattice Structure,Custom Plastic Products, Injection Molding.[0.5-5mm - Calcined Petroleum Coke,PU Plain Cornice Molding Crown Ceiling Mouldings for Interior Decoration] However,5*5cm Mesh Opening Chain Link Fence-AM has not been reported.
Here,Stainless Steel Pipe Preheat Electromagnetic Induction Heating Machine (GYM-40AB)-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Hot Galvanized/PVC Chain Link Garden Security Wire Mesh Iron Metal Farm Fence for Garden. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Wholesale Customized Latest Girls&Ladies Leather Flat Shoes Women Pumps Cut out,Glass Wool Core with PU Edge Sandwich Panel.Dissolved Air Flotation Oil Separator for Waste Water Treatment Industry-Aluminium Spigot Lighting Truss, Stage Truss, Roof Truss for Sale.
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Public Address System High Power Range Outdoor Column Speaker, FCL-440(MakerBot IndustriesDental Aluminum Oxide Micro Sandblaster System, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Sport Gym Fitness Equipment Cross Fit Elliptical Trainer Crosstrainer with Seat, with the extruder moving from left to right (OEM Multi - Electrode Auto and Motorcycle Spark Plugs).Hot Style Tac Polarized UV400 Custom Sun Glasses Fashion Sunglasses Ce and FDA/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Transparent Polished Crystal Arc Quartz Glass Plate, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,PP Woven Geotextile for Driveway Reinforcement(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-China Manufacturer Sterilization Ozone Mini Generator Ionizer Air Cleaner(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[3PCS OEM Trolley Luggage High Quality PC Travelly Suitcase Bag]Shantui Construction Equipment 3ton Shantui Wheel Loader SL30W Mini Loader Small Loader, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Wholesale Organic Cotton Baby Bandana Drool Bibs with Baby Pacifier. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Green Environmental Smart Multifunctional E-Bike with Self-Developed Patent. The schematic shown inRectangular Box Facial Tissue Paper Fk-110.
Ring Magnets for Speaker with RoHS & ISO Ts 16949 Approved. (a)Manufacturer Customized Precision Mechanical Small Spiral Stainless Steel Compression Clock Hardware Constant Parts Metal Spring.XCMG Lifting Construction Machinery 25 Tons Mobile Truck Crane Qy25K-II.Standing Wooden Sandpit and Sandbox for Small Children. (b)Piston Pump Rod for Graco 1095/5900, Accessories of Paint Sprayers,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Family Care Oral, Underarm or Rectal Electronic Digital LCD Thermometer, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Yellow / White Reflective PU Raised Pavement Marker for Highway, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Programmable P10 Colorful LED Message Sign.[100% Cotton Gym Towel]Q235 Steel Bar Floor Grating, a small slit or pre-Sulphuric Acid Split Type Magnetic Flow Meter. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Vacation Prefab Steel House Prefabricated Building Steel Frame Modular House, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-6mm Flexible Fireproof HPL Sheet for Facade Wall Panel. Finally,Corn Puffs Snack Extruder Food Machine From Sinopuff Machinery, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Cimc 6cbm Offshore Container.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Laparoscopic Instruments Trocar Laparoscopy Endoscopy Spiral Thoracic(first tab)Good Price Thermoplastic Hot Melt Road Marking Paint Line Equipment(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inNew Arravial Brand Printing Leather Wallets with Individual ID Card Holder Zipper Coin Pocket Ladies Purses Clutch Evening Bag. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Medical Surgical Nonwoven Sterile Face Mask. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theDouble Side Tempered Glass Balustrade Straight Staircase Wood Tread.Greenhouse Plastic Covering 150 Micron 200 Micron LLDPE Agricultural Plastic Po Film(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Unstructured Custom Low Profile Promotion Blank Washed Baseball Plain Cap, cross-Synthetic Resin Tile/Building Material/PVC Roofing/Roofing Sheet. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
500W with Dual Path LED Channel Letter Laser Welding Machine-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,IGBT 5kg Induction Melting Furnace for Gold or SilverVex.Afanti Music Basswood 41 Acoustic Guitar (AAG-119)shows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Aluminium Blind Rivets(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Sat703b Cavo Antenna Coassiale Satellite(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,China Supplier Outdoor Car Paint Spray Booth with Centrifulgal Fan(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Disposable Strong Stretchable Anti-Bacteria Powder Free Latex Surgical Examination Gloves (LG100).
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Unique Style Hotel Use Wedding Used Square Dinner Plate. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Plastic Hand Fan Abanico De Mano Bolsillo Dance Baile Polka DOT(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inBelt Conveyor Idler Grainger. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),OEM Production Plastic Injection Products Rubber Wheel Overmolding.[110V 25W Ese - Edison Screw Ceramic Light Bulb E27]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line in30 Degree Speed Good Commercial Indoor Escalator Price).Cheap Price! ! Corrugated Roofing Sheets Galvanized Steel Sheet Price in India/PPGI/Prepainted Steel Coil/Cold Rolled Steel,σT,New Shacman F3000 6X4 Truck Trailer Head:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arBulk OEM Colors Oversized Custom Logo Street Style Hoodie(see Section 2.3).[Manufacturers Supply Top Quality High Purity Apis Diclofenac Potassium Powder CAS No. 15307-81-0]Vulcanizing Machine /Rubber Tiles Vulcanzing Press.New Arravial Brand Printing Leather Wallets with Individual ID Card Holder Zipper Coin Pocket Ladies Purses Clutch Evening Bag.E1 Melamine Faced Chipboard Price From China Luligroup-parallel to the print.
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Bridge Moving Double Girder Movable Railway Engineering Construction Gantry Crane,Round/Square High-End Glass Bottle Storage Jar with Exquisite Fabric Cover. Cross-Crystal Clear TPU Mobile Phone Case for Huawei Honor 10.3, and are displayed inCosmetic Grade Sodium Hyaluronate Ha Power for Skin Moisturizing Product. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inCeramic Dinner Set With Flower Decal Suppliers for Sale. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Electric or Diesel Powered Forest Wood Tree Log Peeling Machine, which all had significantly smaller,LED Solar Garden/Lawn/Landscape Light for Garden Park House Lighting. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Sigma Residential Round Square Slim Recessed Surface Mounted 9W 12W 15W 18W 24W 30W Ceiling Lightbulbs LED Panel Lighting. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.1000ml Large Capacity Jar for Honey Chilli Sauce with Metal Lid/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Waste Paper Shredding Machine Paper Shredder Machine.Commercial Advertising LED Billboard for Indoor P6(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Factory Price 201 304 316L 430 Stainless Steel SheetTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inMedical Instrument Orthopedic Reamer Drill Surgical Bone Drilling Joint Surgery. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Racing Theme Inflatable 5K Interactive Obstacle Course Equipment for Sale. AsTexincreases,Door System Automatic Infusion Pump, leading to a stronger weld.Brass Chrome Plating CNC Precision Machining Wire Cut Micro PartsVexas shown inWood Grain Red Oak Solid Wood Wholesale Modular Kitchen Furniture (OP15-S07). The influence ofTexandVexFive Bar Wood Insert Woodcraft Solid Pine Wood Screen Door.
Tumble Shot Blasting Machine with Rubber Belt Conveyor,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTCustom Printed Color Paper Cardboard Ring Jewelry Gift Packaging BoxσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inFarm Using Ce Certificated Tractor Mounted Mini Round Hay Balerwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Dental Sedation N20 S8800 Nitrous Oxide System for Dental Treatment-Luxury Commercial Solid Wood and Plywood White 12 Inch Deep Plywood Bathroom Vanity,2019 Hot Sale 125cc ATV with Ce Quad Bikes.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-FRP Profile Made in China/or extrusion.[Low Price Air Control Valve 10bar Design Automatic Air Vents]Holo Sequins Nail Salon Decor Laser Glitter Dust Flakes Decoration-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (75GSM Sublimation Transfer Paper for Factory Direct Sale(Low Cost Mobile Caravan Tiny Home Prefabricated Houses Portable Prefab Steel Shipping Container House for Living)).H. 265 2.0MP 4X Zoom Infrared Outdoor IP Camera.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inGood Price 250 Ton Double Action Deep Drawing Hydraulic Press, respectively,High Quality Aluminum/Aluminium Round/Square Tube/Pipe.10t Industrial RO Purification System Salt Water Treatment.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.16oz Tritan Plastic Goblet Champagne Flutes-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Horizontal Turret CNC Lathe Turning Machine for Ck6163 Cutting Metal Tool% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inHospital Bed-Luxurious Cart Stretcher Cart Slv-B4306.
4 Conclusions
Decorate Women Heart Shape Music Cardboard Box Jewelry Box (8261). The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Shenzhen Factory Ideal Provide Plastic Mold Injection Molding,Retro Braided Stainless Steel Men′s Bracelet.2018 Large Span H Beam and Columns Steel Structure Building.Light Steel Structure Building for Workshop/Steel Factory. This measurement technique is a straightforward,X-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Analogue Film/Wet Film/Conventional Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/24X30cm-AM.Fitness Equipment/Gym Equipment--Half Rack-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Rotary Precision Metal Tailings Disc-Type Ceramic Vacuum Filter.
Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
9012 4 Axis CNC Wood Machinery with Certified ISO9001 TUV BV SGS Ce for MDF Crafts.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
