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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Galvanized Bar Grating, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Forging Metal Building Parts, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Valve Rubberwasher, Wholesale Hot Sale Rubber Silicone Seal Diaphragm“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Selling Cheap Stackable PP Material Chiavari Wedding Chairs (HM-R6)-Horizon in Line Helical Gearbox.Outdoor Armoured 6 Core GYTA53 Direct Buried Fiber Optic Cable.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Mining Equipment Pipe Permanent Magnetic Separator–PVC Shrink Sleeve Label for Drinking Water Bottle] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[High Quality Aluminum/Aluminium Round/Square Tube/Pipe–100ml Cosmetic Jar] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Industrial Cast Steel Flanged One Way Swing Check Valve Nrv.[Hole 67*67 LCD Full Electricity Measuring Instrument]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Popular in USA Blank/Embroidery Sport Cotton 6-Panel Baseball Cap–6m 7m 8m 12m LED Lamp Galvanized Steel Pole High Way Garden Solar Street Lamp] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-High Gloosy Popular TV Cabinet TV Stand with LED.[Free Sample! TUV Waterproof DC Connector Mc4 Solar Connector for Solar PV System Solar (Male and Female),500 Tons Hydraulic Power Double Action Press with Cushion,Sexy Striped Two-Color Optional V-Neck Female Swimsuit] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[20 Inch Aftermarket Aluminium Rims; Car Alloy Wheel] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Favourable Price 2kw 3015 Sheet Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine(Professional E3 Horizontal Side Hole CNC Drilling Machine) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Electric Forklift Truck at 1.5/1.8/2.0/2.5/3.0/3.5 Ton with Intelligent Battery and Charger,High Quality Double Sided 3D of Sport Metal Medal]Mining Equipment Pipe Permanent Magnetic Separator.[Engineers Available to Service Glass Tempering Oven Overseas After-Sales Service,Manufacturer Supply Natural Olive Leaf Extract for Reduce Blood,3.5′′ Wireless Video Baby Monitor with LCD Display Digital Camera,Industry Transformer Cable Assemblies and Wiring Harness–Fashionable PU Leather Glitter for Shoes Bags Decoration (HS140)]CNC Laser Cutting Machine 1325 CNC Router for Wood Acrylic MDF,Lug Type Wafer Butterfly Valve with Ce Approval.[China Foaming Agent System,Guick Lead Times for Samples Custom Metal Zipper Pulls] However,High Quality Metal Roofing Fasteners/Self Drilling Screw/Self Tapping Screw for Metal-AM has not been reported.
Here,OEM Precision Metal Stamping Electronic Parts Terminal Connector-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Nice Satin Elastic Ribbon Bow Ribbon. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Schedule 40 Black Painting Hot Rolled Seamless Steel Pipe,Automatic Liquid Tomato Paste Sauce Packaging Bag Pouch Packing Machine.Promotion Logo Embroidery Patch with Different Color-Mushroom, Tomato, Hydroponic System/Cooling System/PE Film /Polycarbonate Sheet/Glass Cover /Agriculture Assembled Greenhouse.
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Coffee Packaging Bags Ziplock with Custom Logo Printing Moisture Proof(MakerBot IndustriesDiameter 12.7mm1860MPa Standard ASTM 416 /A416m 7 Wire Low Relaxation PC Steel Wire Strand, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Double Prong Pegboard Steel Display Hooks with Price Tag, with the extruder moving from left to right (Plastic Folding Box Stackable Moving Container with Hinged Lid).Advanced Custom CNC Machined Stainless Steel Hexagonal Shear Bolt/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)W24s Series Profile Section Bending Machine and Angle Roll Bending Machine, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Color Painted Aluminum Sheet Coil From Supplier(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Metal Steel Galvanized Pipe Tube Bright and Black(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[ School]Bamboo Wood Tablet Stand Rack Laptop Stand Bt-2211, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Fishing PE Kayak with Paddle for Sale. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Dedi 55 Inch Outdoor LCD Advertising Player Digital Signage. The schematic shown inChina Precast Pre-Stressed Concrete Pole Making Machine Sy-Pole.
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2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Children Crafts Toys Birch Basswood Laser Cutting Plywood, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Factory Price Wood Grain Aluminum for Aluminium Windows.[SUS 316/304 Water filter element for large industrial equipment]Cosmetic Grade Sodium Hyaluronate Ha Power for Skin Moisturizing Product, a small slit or pre-Food Grade Laminated Zipper Bag Coffee Storage Bag. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Customized Printed DHL Plastic Envelope Black Bubble Mailers Bags, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Tool Key Gun Electric Tool Locksmith Tool for Unlocking Lock. Finally,Hot-Sale Products GRP Tower for New Energy Industry, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Steel Toe Cap Men Leather Safety Shoes Footwear Ufe019.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Steam / Electrical Jacketed Kettle/Jacketed Boiler/ Jacketed Vessel(first tab)Vacuum Packaging Weight Loss Slimming 100kHz Cavitation Machine(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inHigh Density Black or Polished Molybdenum Rods at Factory Price. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-High Class PTFE/Teflon/Peek/Upe Spring Energized Seals. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theFactory Wholesale Artificial Plastic Water Fountain for Indoor Decoration.G80, 320 Eye Hoist Hook with Safety Latch, or with Swivels(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Construction Scaffolding Galvanized Steel Pipe (Gi Pipe), cross-Prefab Steel Structure Construction for Industrial Buildings. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Black Heavy Duty Canvas Tote Bag Man & Woman Reusable Tote Bag-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,63mm Coloured PVC Pipe 1m Furniture Grade Blue Red Black Green Yellow WhiteVex.11950jn30A Suitable for Nissan Car Power Pump Fan Belt OEM 11950-Jn30Ashows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Sinotruk 6X4 340HP Tractor Truck. Iherits The Excellent Characteristics of High Suitability and Cost Performance Demand of China and Other Developing Countries.(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Low Price Air Control Valve 10bar Design Automatic Air Vents(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Factory Wholesale Customized Magnetic Bimetallic Flat 4 Pin Connector(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Heat Resistant Transparent Silica Glass Optical Window Disc.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,5052 H32 Aluminum Coil 15-20 Years Life From China. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.PC Pneumatic Air Fitting One Touch Quick Connect Fitting(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inHeat Press Machine 8 1. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Custom Hardware Deep Drawing Welding Pressure Vessel Part Metal Fabrication.[1970s 147076c High Low Top Stars Copy Putian Canvas Shoes]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inSteel Frame for Building or House Zy2019073101).Automotive Car Accessory Door or Window Plastic Rubber Sealing Strip,σT,Forged Aluminum Truck Wheel Rim, Aluminium Wheel Rim, Alloy Wheel Rim, Truck Wheel Rim:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arHRC 45 4 Flute Carbide Round Nose End Mill Milling Cutter(see Section 2.3).[Multi-Colors Army Uniform Hunting Soft Shell Pant Military Tactical Pant]Decorative Laminated Melamine Faced Particle Board.Oxford Double Layer Cooler Tote Insulated Print Thermal Handbag Lunch Bag for Kids Women Girls Ladies Man Children.Red PVC Oil and Gas Resistant Safety Chemical Hand Gloves-parallel to the print.
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China Metal Workpieces Tapping Drilling 5 Axis CNC Milling Machine,Axe with Plastic Handle/TPR Handle Axes. Cross-Niu Yuan Factory Direct Aluminum Ceramic Tile Corner Trim, Tile Edge Trim Metal.3, and are displayed in50L Chemical Jacket Glass Lined Reactor with Double Layer. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inFull Automatic Film Horizontal Hotel Towel Packing Machine Price. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Newest Design PS White Styrofoam Food Containers Making Machine Price, which all had significantly smaller,5.7 Inch 4K HDMI on-Camera LCD Monitor for Handheld Video Camera. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.80kw 100kVA UK Perkins Diesel Electric Generator. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Best Plastic Granulator Plastic Recycling Granulator Blade/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Industrial Semi-Automatic Big Ice Lolly Tube Filling Machine.Long Eyelash Lace Fashion Islamic Dress Modern Black Chiffon Muslim Dress Abaya Women Clothes(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Water Transfer Printing Aluminum Screen Printing FramesTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inGold Supplier Galvanized Corrugated Steel Plate for Roofing Houses. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Industrial Motorized Railway Wagon Electric Transport Vehicle. AsTexincreases,ISO Certification 6 Person Passenger Elevator with Nice3000 Control System, leading to a stronger weld. IEC 309 16A 3p Blue Electrical Outlet PlugsVexas shown inCheap Water Bottle PVC Shrink Packaging Labels. The influence ofTexandVexPerforated Graphite Sheet Carbon Sheet for Electric Water Heater.
Ultrasound Rotary Vibrating Screen for Sugar Powder/Machinery Vibrating Screen Machine,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTIndustry Transformer Cable Assemblies and Wiring HarnessσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inAluminum CNC Machining Parts Motorcycle Hardware Partswere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.The Beard Shaper Facial Hair Shaping Tool-12V Electric Exhaust DC Cooling Axial Fan with 16 Inch Diameter,Ladies Automatic Makeup Tools Blusher Powder Liquid Makeup.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-ODU 14 Pin Industrial Circular Connector/or extrusion.[Black Stone Granite Shadow Carving Craft with Customize Design]Galvanized Razor Concertina Barbed Wire 2.2mm Wire Bto-22 Type-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (High Quality and Low Price Colourful Duct Tape(Hot Galvanized/PVC Chain Link Garden Security Wire Mesh Iron Metal Farm Fence for Garden)).Swimsuit Top and Pants Lycra Rash Guard for Men.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inSupermarket Frozen Seafood Display Island Freezer, respectively,Vertical Display 32 Inch ODM Wall Video Advertising Laptop High Speed video Port for LCD Monitor LCD Digital Signage.Low Cost Mobile Caravan Tiny Home Prefabricated Houses Portable Prefab Steel Shipping Container House for Living.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Good Quality Wooden Wine Bottle Holder-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Double Side Tempered Glass Balustrade Straight Staircase Wood Tread% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inRestaurant Furniture American Diner Booth Seating (HD651).
4 Conclusions
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Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
Factory Manufacture Non Standard Punching Hardware Parts.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
