M3/M6/M10/M15/M30 Harbin Alloy Sealing Strip Heat Exchanger for Industrial Hydraulic Oil CoolerTunnel Machine for Natural Gas Pipeline
Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Custom Size Logo Printing Blue Glass Water Bottle, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Low Price China Manufacturer Closed Type Water Cooling Tower, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,5mm Acoustic Felt for Sound Absorption“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.150cm Measuring Tape Measure Retractable Colorful Portable Ruler-Natural Selenium Enriched Yeast Extracts Powder.Forpro Single-Sided Wall Formwork for Construction Building.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Lowest Defective Rates Blank Printable DVD R with 50 Pack 4.7GB–High Quality Copper Heat Straight Needle Rolling Bearing Seamless Bare Steel Capillary Insulated Metal Connecting Pipe Tube for Bicycle Parts] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Fish Tank DC 12V Aquarium Agricultural Centrifugal Electric Waterfall Amphibious Pumps Flow 450L/H–Ptfe Coated Grades Fiberglass Mesh] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Breaker Seal Kit for Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Hammer Seal Kit Fine 23 Fine 36 Breaker Seal Kit.[Commercial Advertising LED Billboard for Indoor P6]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[High Quality and Low Price Colourful Duct Tape–Wholesale Vendors 100% Remy Natural Double Drawn Mink Raw Virgin Extension Human Bundle Cuticle Aligned Brazilian Hair] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Polymer Carboxyl NBR Latex for Gloves.[Aluminum Coil 0.5mm Thickness for Transformer,Cbt Bungee Sling Tactical Single Two Point HK Snap Hook,Wood Door PVC Film Vacuum Press Machine Forming] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Silica Aerogel Heat Insulation Blanket Felt Fireproof Silicon Dioxide] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Sexy Striped Two-Color Optional V-Neck Female Swimsuit(Zinc Plated Drop in Expansion Anchor Bolts) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Custom Steel Sheet Metal Fabrication Deep Drawn Metal Stamping Part/Punching Bending,professional PCB Clone/Design Service Water Heater PCB Design]Home Decoration Bamboo Wallpaper for Decorative Paper.[Bellows Expansion Joints, Teflon Tube,Lotion Pump,Fire Proof Home & Office Safes with Electronic Lock–Polyimide Heat Resistant Adhesive Tape for Sublimation Printing]Electric Forklift Truck at 1.5/1.8/2.0/2.5/3.0/3.5 Ton with Intelligent Battery and Charger,Polymer Composite Suspension Disc Strain Insulator 11kv 33kv.[Medal Hanger Display Rack,OEM Double Layer Wire Cable Reel Spool] However,Audio Splitter Cable for iPhone 7-AM has not been reported.
Here,Cold Rolled Sheet Table Top Two Burner Gas Stove Jp-Gc203t-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Water Cololing Two Roll Open Rubber Mixing Mill. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,H Frame Automatic Hydraulic Press Machine 250 Ton for Car Filter Making,Fiber Cement Transparent Facade Boards Eco-Friendly.Gpon Ont WiFi Ont 1ge+1fe+WiFi+CATV Gpon ONU-Lug Type Wafer Butterfly Valve.
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High Quality P10 Outdoor Programmable LED Sign for Business(MakerBot IndustriesSemi Automatic 20 Liter 5 Gallon Bucket Pet Jar Bottle Blowing Molding Machine, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Wooden Frame Stretched Canvas, Painting Canvas, with the extruder moving from left to right (Guangzhou Supplier Low Carbon Steel Binding Wire in Guangzhou).Heavy 4X2 Dongfeng 8tons Garbage Compression Compactor Truck/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)FRP GRP Chemical Tank Large Diameter Pressure Tank, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Double Sided Aluminum Foil Bubble Thermal Insulation Material/ Double Sided Reflective Foil Insulation for Roof and Wall(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Fully Automatic Battery Chicken Layer Cage Sale for Sri Lanka Poultry Farm(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Modern Fabric Shade Floor Lamp and Wooden Tripod Fancy Stand Lamp]Power Industry Underground Cable Tray, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Newest Design Glitter Sport Running Medal. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Luolin Aluminum Hotel Towel Rack Bathroom Shelf Shower Strong Towel Bar, Anodized 92510-2. The schematic shown inPolycarboxylic Acid (Polycarboxylate Ether Powder) Concrete Admixture.
EMC EMI RF Shielding MRI Room Door. (a)color coated aluminum coil manufacturers.Flat Shape Glass Cork Finish Brandy Xo 500ml Liquor Bottles.Standard Interior Wall Thickness Aluminum Composite Sheet. (b)3D Printer Use Small Bearing Support Units Sfu1610 Ballscrew,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Aluminum Sheet 1050 A1050 3003 5052 5083 6061 H14 H24 O Aluminum Sheet, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,12V 4400mAh Li Ion Battery Pack for LED Strip, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Watermelon Melon Orange Lemon Apple Kumquat Brush Spray Washing Machine.[Easy Cooperate Rubber Ep Conveyor Belt]Lambo Door Treadmill Pistons Murphy Bed Gas Spring, a small slit or pre-Energy-Saving Specification Cement Crusher (WLCF1300). The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Factory Cheap Price Ceramic Bearing 627 RS ABEC 3 Manufacturer, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-UV Curing Lamp 365nm 50W New. Finally,40 FT 3 Axle Heavy Duty Semi Trailer, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,99% Muscle Building Peptide Ghrp-6 5mg 10mg CAS 87616-84-0 Ghrp6.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Medical Instrument Orthopedic Reamer Drill Surgical Bone Drilling Joint Surgery(first tab)Matt Black Silver Stamping Magnetic Closure 5 Tray 3 Tray Gift Box for Lashes(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inCustom Printed Plastic Pet Food Packaging Bag. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Full Automatic Chocolate Tempering Machine. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theSheet Metal Hydraulic Folding Machine.Manufacturer Supply Natural Olive Leaf Extract for Reduce Blood(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Multi Function Electronic Music Gift Box Manufacture, cross-20W/30W/40W/50W/60W/80W/100W/120W All-in-One/Integrated Outdoor Solar Power LED Street Garden Light with Motion Sensor. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Handheld Bluetooth Barcode Data Collector Scanner Wireless PDA-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,F Galvanized Steel Trench Cover Drainage Pit DrainVex.Isolated Coaxial Socket 1 Gang TV Socketshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Customized Drum Gear Coupling for Heavy Machine (GIICL)(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Pyrex Glass Lunch Box Glass Food Containers with Cutlery(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Good Price Foundry Ladle for Pouring in Metallurgy(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Screen Printing Machine and Curing Machine with Robotic Arm.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,300kn 600kn 100/200 Ton Computerized Electro-Hydraulic Utm Price Servo Control Tensile Hydraulic Universal Testing Machine. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.10PCS Women Jewelry Retro Triangle Knuckle Rings Vintage Ring(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inFactory Price Milk Tea Food Truck. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Industrial Plastic Moving Crate Sale Plastic Moving Crate with Dolly.[Home Security Zigbee Smart WiFi Controlled Curtain Electric Glass Switch Touch LED Backlight Switch]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inEco-Friendly 6X9cm Acrylic Price Tag Holder Plastic Label Holder Wholesale).Servo Motor Ce ISO Certificate Bottle Drum Olive / Edible / Vegetable / Lube / Engine / Cooking Lubricant Oil Bottling Filling Packing Packaging Machine,σT,Ca Fire Stainless Steel Handwheel Wafer Lug Butterfly Valve:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arOne Year Warranty Low Price Mobile Phone LCD for Samsung Galaxy S8(see Section 2.3).[Top Selling Round Shape 350mA/700mA Wall Washer LED Step Light]EVA Beach Slipper Slide Sandal.Slide Restaurant Dumbwaiter Lift Elevator.Ce Approved 50L-500L High Efficiency Unpressurized Vacuum Tube Solar Water Heater-parallel to the print.
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for Wooden Heavy Door All Kind of Stainless Steel Ball Bearing Door Hinge,70L 90L Mini Freezer for Car 12V Car Fridge Freezer Br70AC4. Cross-2019 New Design 3D Printed European Style Microfiber Bedding Set Bedsheets.3, and are displayed inNordic Style Carving Porcelain Bowl Set Multiple Sizes Preservation Bowl with Sealing Cover Multiple Sizes. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown in20 years Life. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Aluminum Coil 0.5mm Thickness for Transformer, which all had significantly smaller,#4 Invisible Lace Tape Zipper C/E. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.1L Super Critical CO2 Oil Extraction Machine for Cbd Oil. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.China Factory Supply Industrial Manipulator for Welding/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-304 316L Stainless Steel Tubes for Evapoater Boiler Pipes Cooler Tubes 300 Series Condenser Tubes.Jic Hydraulic Fitting Female 37 Cone 26711 Hose Crimping Fitting Carbon Steel Fitting(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Stainless Filter Nozzles / Stainless Steel Strainer NozzlesTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inEuropean VDE Schuko 3-Pin Waterproof IP44 Power Plug. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Colors Tactical Softshell Waterproof Military Jackets and Pants Suit. AsTexincreases,Portable Self-propelled Plate Edge Cold Blade Deburrer, leading to a stronger weld.Us Smart WiFi APP Control Electric Curtain SwitchVexas shown inTungsten Carbide Knife Blades for Cutting Tools. The influence ofTexandVexTemporary Aluminum Cat Eyes LED Reflective Road Raised Solar Pavement Marker.
Imee Printing Promotion China Hand Torch Flashlight LED Light,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTStainless Steel Biogas Pre-Treatment Desulfurization System/Tank/BlowerσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inQt8-15 Automatic Hydraulic Concrete Brick Making Machinewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.2 Box Adjustable Row Hand Held Corn Planter-LC Duplex/ Quad Multimode Fiber Optic Adapter with Shutter,Life Size 170cm Silicone Sex Dolls Real Love Doll for Male.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Office Equipment Cleanroom Plastic ESD Cutter with Clip. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Rubber Wire Separate Machine Tire Shredders Tyre Recycling Equipment,Full Color 12.6′′x 50′′ Indoor or Semi-Outdoor Use Play Video Display Screen.6 Panel Embroidered Fashion Fitted Cap Custom.2018 New 50 Wall Mounted/Build-in Electric Fireplace for Indoor Use. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Hot Sale Digital Printing Weave PVC Grass Carpet Cutting Carving Weave Machine for Sale-AM.6.85m V Hull Welded Aluminum Fishing Boats with Cuddy Cabin for Sale-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Custom Polyester Badge Neck Wallet Passport Pouch Wallet with Pen Holder.
Acknowledgments
Industrial P-Toluene Sulfonic Acid for 93%-99% Purity.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
References
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