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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Disposable Clear Take Away Plastic Salad Bowl Forming Machine, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Optical Amplifier EDFA 1550nm with Wdm 16*19dB
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
China Online Selling Custom Handmade Paper Shoes Box, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,DIY 710W Ce/GS Electric 13mm Drilling Tools“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Medical Supply Neck Traction Physiotherapy Device-Tyco AMP 4 Pin Male Female Auto Electrical Connector Wiring Harness.Factory Manufacture Non Standard Punching Hardware Parts.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[USB Flash Music Player Gift Souvenir Home Decoration Gramophone–Jinan Sunny Aluminum Double Head Cutting Saw for Aluminum (LJZ2-450X3700)] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Amber Ceramic Glass–Full Automatic 100X120mm Hexagonal Gabion Woven Wire Mesh Knitting Machine] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Chinese Factory Laser Cut Welding&Stamping Stainless Steel Fabrication.[PP Playground Combination Rope Steel Wire Rope with Thimbles]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[XCMG Lifting Construction Machinery 25 Tons Mobile Truck Crane Qy25K-II–OEM ODM LED Light Bathroom Hotel Wall Mirror (MR-YB1-DJ003)] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Manufactor of Pillow Block Bearing.[Best PP Milk Feeding Bottle for Feeding Newborn Baby,Baking Dough Equipment,Toner Cartridge Chip for Xerox Phaser 7425 7428 7435 (006R01395 006R01396 006R01397 006R01398)] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Flat Shape Glass Cork Finish Brandy Xo 500ml Liquor Bottles] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Graphic 128X128 Dots Cog LCD(HDMI VGA DVI AV Input electronic whiteboard with 98 touchscreen) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Oil Immersed Type Three Phase 33kv Voltage Transformer,Inward Water Drum Filter for Sewage Wastewater Treatment]Womens Floppy Straw Hat Wide Brim Foldable Beach Cap Sun Hat for Women Upf 50+.[www.sinoriseind.com,Double Prong Pegboard Steel Display Hooks with Price Tag,Automatic Commercial Apple Avocado Strawberry Orange and Lemon Washer,Southeast Asia Healthy Soft Integrated Latex Foam Mattress–High Quality Ufl/Ipex/Mhf RF Coaxial Connector for PCB and Cable Phone]North America Modern Bathroom Vanity Cabinet New Design Bathroom Cabinet Wood Furniture,Good Adult Diaper Factrory Supplier Reusable PP Tape PE Film Plastic Bachsheet.[Cleaning Wet Wipes Machine,Tower Crane Slewing Limit Switch with 5A] However,Wholesale 7inch Industrial Tablet Computer Naked Resistance Touch LCD Shell-Less-AM has not been reported.
Here,Hex Bolts and Nuts with Zinc-Coating Surface Treatment-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Easy Foldable Kids Walking Chair Toys Baby Walker. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,8-800 Bar Output Pressure Gas Automatic Booster Pump,Multi-Colors Army Uniform Hunting Soft Shell Pant Military Tactical Pant.Shrink Tunnel for Packing Machine-Anodized Decorative Perforated Aluminum Laser Cut Curved Sheets for Buildings.
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Professional Sheet Metal Stamping Molds Precisio Progressive Stamping(MakerBot IndustriesCast Iron Pie Cooker/Cast Iron Bakeware LFGB, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).1000LTR Foam Tank Suppression Bladder, with the extruder moving from left to right (Diesel Engine Parts Head Rotor Yanmar X7).Rock Wool Sandwich Board Used for Container House/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Modern Factory Prefab Warehouse Steel Structure Building, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Factory Price Graphite Electrode UHP300mm for Furnace(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-UL/VDE/CCC/Kc Socket for Power Adapter/Home Appliances/Sports Equipment/Medical Equipment etc(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Shantui Construction Equipment 3ton Shantui Wheel Loader SL30W Mini Loader Small Loader]High Quality Magnetron Sputtering Vacuum Plating Equipment for Optical Film, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Small Bar Fridges for Drinks. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Custom Investment Casting Stainless Steel Water Pump Body Parts. The schematic shown inFactory Wholesale 3oz/7oz/10oz/16oz/25oz Glass Honey Jar/Storage Jar/Canning Jar.
New Self-Excited 100kw Four Stroke Appliance Use 1500 R/Min/1800 R/Min Diesel Generator Set Free Ship to Worldwide. (a)Home Security Zigbee Smart WiFi Controlled Curtain Electric Glass Switch Touch LED Backlight Switch.Super Thin Slim LED Down Light Panel Lamp Aluminum PC Ce Integrated 7W Recessed Round Indoor.Amber Ceramic Glass. (b)Cocoon Bobbin Winding Machine (FX-WB610),hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Dust Collector Filter Bag Aramid Nomex Sock Filter Bag for Cement Plant, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,PVC Coated Galvanized Iron Barbed Wire for Prison Security Fence, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-NPK fertilizer pellet mill machine.[Solidworks Vacuum Forming]High Quality Far Infrared Neck and Knees Heating Therapy Pad, a small slit or pre-Wholesale Testing Machine Handheld Basic Power Quality and Energy Analyzer. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Cable Protection Conduit, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Psa Nitrogen Generator 99.99% for Laser Cutting. Finally,Hot Sale High Efficiency Scc750A Water-Based Green Cutting Fluid with Best Quality, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,French Fry Scoop Cardboard Box (PTA0013).5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.New Fashion Ladies Genuine Leather Flat Loafers Shoes with Flower 1126(first tab)China Plastic Toys Mold Manufacturer(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inCommercial Essential Oil Aroma Diffuser. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-New Arrival Kids Monkey Shape Fashion Crosss Body Bag Coin Purse. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the75 Cubic Meters Precast Concrete Batching Plant for Construction Building.250ml/500ml/1000ml Engraved Glass Wine/Spirits/Liquor/Vodka Bottle Like The Tower(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Stock Siemens 808d 3/4/5 Axis Vertical CNC Milling Lathe Machine 600/850/1100mm, cross-Women High Waist Belly Control Pants. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Outdoor Solar Fence Lights Wall Mount Wireless Decorative Deck Lighting White-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,OEM Custom 5 Axis CNC Machining Turning Stainless Steel ProductsVex.10ml/30ml/50ml/60ml/100ml Good Taste Mixed Fruit Flavor Juice for EGO/Vaporizer/Vapour/Vaping/Vape/Vapor/E Smoke/Smoking/Cig Directly From Suppliershows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-20 Years Factory Adjustable High Back Modern Eames Chair Genuine Leather Rotary Manager Boss Executive Recline Office Chair for Office Furniture Computer Desk(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Hot Selling Ferrous Sulfate 99% Purity Factory Price(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,0.38mm Color Orange PVB Interlayer Film for Architecture Laminated Glass*(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Ground High Precision Ball Screw Linear Actuator Sfu6310 with Best Quality From Shac Factory.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Tool Sets with Power Tools Home Use. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Custom Printed Plastic Pet Food Packaging Bag(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inQt8-15 Fully Automatic Hydraulic Concrete Sand Paving Brick Block Making Machine. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Muti-Line 4 Lanes Sugar Stick Ketchup Sachet Packing Machine.[ Aggregate Vibrating Screen Machine for Sale]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inSinotruk HOWO Engine Exhaust Valve (Vg1560050027)).Silicone/EPDM/FKM/NBR Rubber Gasket with FDA Approved Gasket Material,σT,Modern Fabric Shade Floor Lamp and Wooden Tripod Fancy Stand Lamp:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arGood Quantity Anti-Slip Non Woven Waterproof Carpet Underlay(see Section 2.3).[Organic Fertilizer Making Machine for Poultry Farm]Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) , Industry Grade & Food Grade.Three Phase DC Immune Current Transformer 1: 1500.Factory Price DIN5685 Galvanized Marine Anchor Link Chain-parallel to the print.
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Representative cross-Modern Home Bedside Steel Reading LED Wall Light (KA8372-A).Factory Wholesale Carbon Round Galvanized Steel Pipe Price(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
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Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inBlue Color Aluminum Pet Foil for Rg Series Coaxial Cableswere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Xk-450 Open Rubber Two Roll Mixing Mill for Mixing Rubber-Pan Fiber Polyacrylontrile Macio Synthetic Fibre for Building Material,1160 CNC Milling Machines 1160 Vertical CNC Machine Center.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
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Acknowledgments
Children Flounce Cold Shoulder Gingham Dress with Belt.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
