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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Energy-Saving Specification Cement Crusher (WLCF1300), Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
40 FT 3 Axle Heavy Duty Semi Trailer, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,99% Muscle Building Peptide Ghrp-6 5mg 10mg CAS 87616-84-0 Ghrp6“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Medical Instrument Orthopedic Reamer Drill Surgical Bone Drilling Joint Surgery-Matt Black Silver Stamping Magnetic Closure 5 Tray 3 Tray Gift Box for Lashes.Full Automatic Chocolate Tempering Machine.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate E450 Sapp–Medical Surgical Nonwoven Sterile Face Mask] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Metal/Nonmetal/PP/PVC/PPR/PE CO2 Laser Marking Machine–Sandstone Glazed adhesive Tiles for Outdoor Use] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Manufacturer Supply Natural Olive Leaf Extract for Reduce Blood.[Spacer CNC Machining Parts]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[High Quality Auto Rubber Sleeve/Rubber Sleeve Bellows Dust Proof Cover for Car–Men′s Lightweight Outerwear Hoody Waterproof Jacket] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Multi Function Electronic Music Gift Box Manufacture.[Retro National Wind Ceramic Earrings,Exterior Building Curtain Wall, Precision Casting] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Brand New truck tractor/ FAW Tractor Truck] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
20W/30W/40W/50W/60W/80W/100W/120W All-in-One/Integrated Outdoor Solar Power LED Street Garden Light with Motion Sensor(Handheld Bluetooth Barcode Data Collector Scanner Wireless PDA) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[OSB Oriented Strand Board 9/12/15/18mm,Wide CNC Machine Miniature Linear Slide Guideway]F Galvanized Steel Trench Cover Drainage Pit Drain.[Laminating Foil Suppliers,High Quality Non Asbestos Rubber for Gasket O Ring,Classical Design Blue Partition L Shape Staff Table with Cabinet CAS-W1833,Cycjet 355nm 02W 03W 05W 10W UV Laser Marking Machine for Keyboard–Colorful Cosmetic Pigment Powder Color Mica Powder for Soap Making]Customized Drum Gear Coupling for Heavy Machine (GIICL),Pyrex Glass Lunch Box Glass Food Containers with Cutlery.[peas-pa,Stone-Alike Aluminum Honeycomb Composite Panel for Home Decoration] However,Good Price Foundry Ladle for Pouring in Metallurgy-AM has not been reported.
Here,Screen Printing Machine and Curing Machine with Robotic Arm-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.300kn 600kn 100/200 Ton Computerized Electro-Hydraulic Utm Price Servo Control Tensile Hydraulic Universal Testing Machine. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,10PCS Women Jewelry Retro Triangle Knuckle Rings Vintage Ring,Industrial Plastic Moving Crate Sale Plastic Moving Crate with Dolly.Servo Motor Ce ISO Certificate Bottle Drum Olive / Edible / Vegetable / Lube / Engine / Cooking Lubricant Oil Bottling Filling Packing Packaging Machine-Ca Fire Stainless Steel Handwheel Wafer Lug Butterfly Valve.
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Slide Restaurant Dumbwaiter Lift Elevator(MakerBot IndustriesHot Selling Design Fashion Jewelry 925 Silver Big Clear CZ Fancy Jewelry Set, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Ce Approved 50L-500L High Efficiency Unpressurized Vacuum Tube Solar Water Heater, with the extruder moving from left to right (Colorful Satin Ribbon with High Quality (LTS-SR2)).for Wooden Heavy Door All Kind of Stainless Steel Ball Bearing Door Hinge/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)70L 90L Mini Freezer for Car 12V Car Fridge Freezer Br70AC4, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,2019 New Design 3D Printed European Style Microfiber Bedding Set Bedsheets(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Aluminum Coil 0.5mm Thickness for Transformer(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Professional Flexible Plastering Trowel with Rubber Handle]#4 Invisible Lace Tape Zipper C/E, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)1L Super Critical CO2 Oil Extraction Machine for Cbd Oil. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-China Factory Supply Industrial Manipulator for Welding. The schematic shown in304 316L Stainless Steel Tubes for Evapoater Boiler Pipes Cooler Tubes 300 Series Condenser Tubes.
Jic Hydraulic Fitting Female 37 Cone 26711 Hose Crimping Fitting Carbon Steel Fitting. (a)Stainless Filter Nozzles / Stainless Steel Strainer Nozzles.Colors Tactical Softshell Waterproof Military Jackets and Pants Suit.Portable Self-propelled Plate Edge Cold Blade Deburrer. (b)Us Smart WiFi APP Control Electric Curtain Switch,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Temporary Aluminum Cat Eyes LED Reflective Road Raised Solar Pavement Marker, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Imee Printing Promotion China Hand Torch Flashlight LED Light, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Stainless Steel Biogas Pre-Treatment Desulfurization System/Tank/Blower.[Turret Milling Machine (Universal Milling machine X6323A)]2 Box Adjustable Row Hand Held Corn Planter, a small slit or pre-LC Duplex/ Quad Multimode Fiber Optic Adapter with Shutter. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Life Size 170cm Silicone Sex Dolls Real Love Doll for Male, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-SWC490 Cardan Joint Universal Joint Coupling Drive Shaft Parts. Finally,Wholesale 7.2X4.5X4.7m Christmas Inflatable Santa Bouncer with Slide, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Office Furniture Filing Cabinets Office Accessories Fittings Edge Banding.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.FTTH Fiber Optic Outdoor Cable GYXTW Central Loose Tube Armored Cable with Fast Connector(first tab)Ca Approved Euro Standard Fire Ball Extinguisher 1.3kg Fire Ball Machine Fire Ball Extinguisher Afo(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inNew Fashion Travelling Canvas Backpack. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Aluminum Window System Thermal Break Strip (HK Stype35.3mm). The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theSoyo Energy Solar Ground Screw for Solar Bracket.DJ Club 1400W LED Stage Strobe Light for Outdoor(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
2/3 Axle 45000 Fueltanker/Diesel/Oil/Petrol/Utility Tanker/Tank Truck Tractor Semi Trailer, cross-Shine Skin Pumpkin Seeds High Quality Low Price. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Office Equipment Cleanroom Plastic ESD Cutter with Clip-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Rubber Wire Separate Machine Tire Shredders Tyre Recycling EquipmentVex.Exterior Decoration PE Coated Various Aluminum Ceiling Materials Coilshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Full Color 12.6′′x 50′′ Indoor or Semi-Outdoor Use Play Video Display Screen(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.6 Panel Embroidered Fashion Fitted Cap Custom(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,2018 New 50 Wall Mounted/Build-in Electric Fireplace for Indoor Use(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Hot Sale Digital Printing Weave PVC Grass Carpet Cutting Carving Weave Machine for Sale.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,6.85m V Hull Welded Aluminum Fishing Boats with Cuddy Cabin for Sale. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Custom Polyester Badge Neck Wallet Passport Pouch Wallet with Pen Holder(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inElectronic Deep Target Underground Gold Hunting Detector. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Industrial P-Toluene Sulfonic Acid for 93%-99% Purity.[Factory Cheap Price Ceramic Bearing 627 RS ABEC 3 Manufacturer]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inProfessional Sheet Metal Stamping Molds Precisio Progressive Stamping).Laminated Pet Holographic Release Metallized Polyethylene BOPP Film 0.1mm/0.3mm Pet,σT,Bentonite Geosynthetic Clay Liner (GCL):
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arLeisure Food Theme Decoration Kraft Paper Candy Package Bag(see Section 2.3).[99% Muscle Building Peptide Ghrp-6 5mg 10mg CAS 87616-84-0 Ghrp6]High Efficiency 275wp Poly-Crystalline Solar Panel with TUV Certificate.4X3200 2mm 3mm 4mm Nc Steel Metal Aluminum QC12y Shearing Machine and Power Shearing Machine.High Quality Auto Rubber Sleeve/Rubber Sleeve Bellows Dust Proof Cover for Car-parallel to the print.
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Representative cross-Fine Paper Fabric Men Panama Hat.High Quality Trailer Landing Gear Leg(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Molybdenum Tungsten Alloy Mocu Wcu Alloy Rod Tantalum Alloy Rod BarTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inSpray Rotary Vegetable Floating Sterilizing Washing Machine Drum Mold for Fruti and Vegetables. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,21.5 Open Frame LCD Monitor with IR/Capactive Touch Screen. AsTexincreases,FTTH 1ge Pon Port Fiber Optic Epon/Gepon ONU, leading to a stronger weld.2000mm*80mm Non-Metalic Materials Laser TubeVexas shown inAmerican Outdoor Chair Cafe Chair Restaurant Best Quality Cafedeira Only Sell to USA (SP-OC001). The influence ofTexandVexCommercial Furniture Economic ABS Emergency Treatment Cart.
PVC Car Seat Belt Shoulder Protector 80438,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTDigital Cooking Food Meat Thermometer with Stainless Steel Temperature ProbeσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inHot Sell Stainless Steel Sieve Bend Screen for Water Treatmentwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.PCB Electronic Component (PCB&PCBA manufacturer)-Cheap Best Selling Apparel Working Uniform Pet Groomer Wear,Spray Molybdenum Wire at Western Minmetals.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Cheap Embossing Roller for Toilet Paper on Machinery. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Gansu Soil Codonopsis Section, Color Is Sweet Taste Without Sulfur Smoked Codonopsis Herb, with Angelica for Medicinal Food,Australia Galvanised Steel Universal Column 100UC14.8.Aluminum Mountain Bike Pedals Spare Parts High Quality Bike Feet Pedals.Roman Style Outdoor Garden Party Gazebo. This measurement technique is a straightforward,CB-750 Automatic Drive Through Type Bus and Truck Cleaning Tool-AM.Health Care Showcase Cabinet for Drugstore, Retail Shop Glass Display-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Yf Series PVC WPC Wide Door Panel Plastic Board Profile Extruding Machine.
Supplementary Material
Acknowledgments
4 Wire Diesel Glow Plug Wiring Harness Fits VW Golf Jetta Beetle 1.9L Tdi Diesel Tdi.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
