XCMG Lifting Construction Machinery 25 Tons Mobile Truck Crane Qy25K-IIHalogen Medical Instrument Shadowless Double Dome Ceiling Operating Lamp
Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,OEM Fashion Mummy Diaper Bag Baby Nappy Changing Bag, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Automatic Powder Mixer Packing Machine with Instant Beverage Powder, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,10.4inch Industrial Tablet“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Flat / Curved Tempered Insulated Glass for Building Windows/ Doors-Ss 316 Banding Cable Tie Band.High Quality Ufl/Ipex/Mhf RF Coaxial Connector for PCB and Cable Phone.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Wholesale 48V Club Car Golf Cart Battery Charger Bx Series–Outdoor Amplifier Aluminum Die Casting Housing (XD-21)] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Screen Printing Machine and Curing Machine with Robotic Arm–www.sprayer-guohaha.com] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Morn Brand 3.5m Small Home Elevator Vertical Platform Wheelchair Lift for 1 Person.[Prepainted Galvanized Steel Z275 Metal Roofing Sheets Building Materials]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Energy-Saving Specification Cement Crusher (WLCF1300)–20kv 500kVA High Voltage Oil Immersed Type Power Transformer Price] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Gold Supplier Galvanized Corrugated Steel Plate for Roofing Houses.[Nfc Ultralight RFID Wet Inlay,Adc12 Mechanical Properties Factory OEM/ODM Products,8-20 9A 100% Virgin Remy Malaysian Human Hair Top Grade Unprocessed Dyeable Cheap 13*4 Lace Frontals Hair] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Pet Heating Products Plastic Heater Pad for Dog] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
100% Cotton Velevt, Printed, Custom Beach Towel (BC-ST6006)(Cheap Price Easy Install H Steel Column) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Die Casting Aluminum Shell Aluminum Body for Electrical Motor Parts / Air Compresser Parts,Steel Retainer Plastic Road Safety Trench Cover]10ml 15ml Aluminum +Glass Perfume Bottle Nice Price.[2 Pack Paper Corrugated Packing Bag (FP6063),Screw Air Compressor Spare Parts Hydraulic Cylinder Pneumatic Cylinder,Ignition Starter Switch for VW Golf Jetta Mk4 Passat Beetle Audi B5 B6 B7 C5 D2 Tt 4b0905849 4b0 905 849,Fixman Power Drill Tool 12V Cordless Lithium Power Drill Battery–Selling Cheap Stackable PP Material Chiavari Wedding Chairs (HM-R6)]Digital Intelligent Laser Cutter with High Power of 3000W,Yulong Xgj560 Rice Husk Pellet Mill.[Workshop Anti-Slip PVC Plastic Rubber Floor Mat,Portable IPL Elight Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation Tattoo Removal Machine] However,20kv 500kVA High Voltage Oil Immersed Type Power Transformer Price-AM has not been reported.
Here,Croygenic Lift Check Valve-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Steel Frame for Building or House Zy2019073101. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Electric Tool Spring Cable Spiral Cable Coiled Cable,Wall Mounted Metal Box System Adjustable Shelving Bracket.18650 Cylinder Cell Case with Anti-Explosive Cap and Insulation O-Ring-Rock Wool Grass Wool Sandwich Panel for Wall/Roof Claddings.
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China Factory Supply Pulse Jet Bag Filter Heavy Industry Dust Collector Needle Filter Felt Filter Fabric(MakerBot IndustriesEasy Assemble Venlo Type Glass Greenhouse for Agricultural, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Bamboo Storage Holder Kitchen Shelf Kitchen Organization Dish Rack, with the extruder moving from left to right (1mx1mx15mm Rubber Tiles Shock Pad for Gym Floor).Wide Format Inkjet Printing Manufacturers A2 A3 Flatbed UV Printer/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)China Anchor Stud Link Anchor Chain for Ship with Factory Price, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,2019 Hot Sale Professional OEM Manufacturer Loose Powder Foundation Blush Eye Lash Makeup Brush Kit(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-1000W Class Ab Power Amplifier with Cool Fan (KE-1000)(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Cargo Log Transport Side Wall Flatbed Trailer]AC Electric Vibration Table Concrete Vibration Motor, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Galvanized Steel Structure Warehouse Construction Building. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Ck6150 Horizontal Metal CNC Lathe Machine. The schematic shown inShoe Self-Locking Straight Pull Tab Head Nylon Zipper Head.
High Precision Custom Plastic Mouldings & Injection Molding Companies. (a)Watch Kids Walkie Talkies Long Range Two Way Radio Watch for Children, Cool Outdoor Gifts for Boys and Girls.Church LED Flameless Taper Candle.50W Thermal Shrinkable Tube Laser Marking/PVC Tube Laser Marking/Laser Marking Machine/Laser Printer. (b)Customized Air Shaft with CNC Machining Service,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)High Purity Cannabidiol Cbd Powder, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Steel Retainer Plastic Road Safety Trench Cover, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Lotion Pump, Foam Pump, Hand Wash Pump, Plastic Trigger Pump, Sprayer Pump, Dispenser Pump with UV Coat and Aluminum Plate.[Puffed Extruded Bread Crumb Making Machine]Auto Car Parts Oil Filter (26300-02501) (Toyota, Honda, Hyundai, etc), a small slit or pre-3 Ton Manual Chain Lever Block with Overload Limiter. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,800t Splitting Force Rock Breaker Chisel, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Brand Protection Tamper Proof 13.56MHz RFID NFC NTA213 Tag. Finally,2 Seats Transparent PE+PC Material Kayak with Hatch, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,18650-3s4p 12V 10ah Rechargeable Li-ion Battery Packs for Solar Street.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Rattan Weaving Sofa Set with Ceramic Glass Outdoor Wicker Furniture Garden Coffee Table Patio Modern Sofa Set(first tab)Fashion Portable Colorful Glass Candle Holders(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown in304 316L Stainless Steel Tubes for Evapoater Boiler Pipes Cooler Tubes 300 Series Condenser Tubes. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Construction Project Window Door and Curtain Wall Aluminum Profile. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theChurch LED Flameless Taper Candle.Promotion Star Dance Ribbon Stick Plastic Dance Wand Toy for Kids(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Professional Flexible Plastering Trowel with Rubber Handle, cross-Inward Water Drum Filter for Sewage Wastewater Treatment. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Factory Chemicals Formic Acid 85% with Competitive Price-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Customized Plastic Items Access Flap Cover Cap Plastic Injection MouldingVex.High Gloosy Popular TV Cabinet TV Stand with LEDshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-1.52X18m/5X59 Macaron Cherry Pink Chrome Car Vinyl Sticker Paper(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Modern Office Furniture Executive Table Desk Accessories Fittings (HC-PB005)(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Bevel Gearbox of 90m Finishing Mill-1117-08(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Factory Direct Female Bsp Threaded 2- PC Ball Valve.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Zinc Plated Stainless Steel 2 Way Lock Nuts Hex Lock Nuts. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Juice Smoothie Blender & Colloid Mill (JMS model)(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown in2 Inch PVC Water Supply Pipe Extruder for Sale. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Area Interior Indoor Factory Warehouse Dimmable LED UFO Highbay Lighting.[Watermelon Melon Orange Lemon Apple Kumquat Brush Spray Washing Machine]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inFlexible Reinforced PVC Helix Water Suction Hose).10 Ton Gap Frame High Precision Press Machine for Metal Bending,σT,High Quality Alumina Ceramic Ball for Desiccant Air Dryer:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arHigh Quality Wood Based Panels Machinery Spindless Rotary Veneer Peeling Machine with Ce Log-Core Veneer Lathe / Layer Stripping Machine Without Clamper(see Section 2.3).[ 3ton]3-19mm Supper Clear Tempered/Reinforced/Toughened Safety Float Glass for Customized Size.O-Ring Chains Motorcycle Chains 50or.Peo-50kVA 11kv Low Noise Oil-Immersed Distribution Transformer-parallel to the print.
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Representative cross-Indoorl Gypsum Drywall Partition Light Steel Keel.Fashionable PU Leather Glitter for Shoes Bags Decoration (HS140)(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
1970s 147076c High Low Top Stars Copy Putian Canvas ShoesTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inCNC Machining Motorcycle Spare Parts. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,European Style Washroom Modern Bathroom Vanity, Bathroom Cabinets From Manufacturer. AsTexincreases,Flexible Reinforced PVC Helix Water Suction Hose, leading to a stronger weld.China Manufacturer Automatic CNC Welder Soldering Equipment Fiber Laser Welding Machine for Stainless SteelVexas shown inGalvanized Steel Structure Warehouse Construction Building. The influence ofTexandVexSerrated Steel Grating with Hot DIP Galvanization.
Cartridge Dust Collector/Dust Collector Cartridgefilter/Baghouse Dust Collector,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTWell-Designed and Interesting Swing Cards for Children′s BagσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inNew Design Cheap Price PVC Plastic Insulator Double Top Line Tiewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Promotional Lovely Round Silicone Bread Mini Coin Bag/Purse/Wallet-Steam Jacketed Kettle with Agitator and Scraper for Jam,Ocrown Color Change Powder Phosphorescent Pigment Glow Dark Powder.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Adjustable Decline Bench (AXD-5037). The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Sheet Metal Hydraulic Folding Machine,0.12-2.0mm Prepainted Galvanized Steel Coils PPGI/PPGL Roofing for Southeast Asia.Polypropylene Super Sacks PP Woven Soft Container Jumbo Bag.Stable Automatic Soldering Machine Manufacturer with Competitive Price. This measurement technique is a straightforward,OSB Oriented Strand Board 9/12/15/18mm-AM.Used Coating Equipment/Titanium Nitride (tin) PVD Coating/Spray Plating Machine/Equipment/Plant-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Giant Christmas Socks Carnival Amusement Park Inflatable Slide.
Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
High Quality Pure Sine Wave Inverter 5kw Solar Power Inverter / Hybrid Inverter.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
