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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Indoor Ninja Warrior Obstacle Trampoline Park Playground, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
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Abstract
5000kg Gearless Side Opening Cargo Elevator, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,50L Chemical Jacket Glass Lined Reactor with Double Layer“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Sanitary SS304 3A, DIN, SMS Cross with Tri Clamp Ends Four Way Equal Cross-Cast Iron Pie Cooker/Cast Iron Bakeware LFGB, FDA, BSCI Approved.Antique Recycled Hot Cocoa and Coffee Bar Sign Coffee Shop Signs Business Signs.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Competitive Price High Quality Solar LED Street Light Double Arms–Office Furniture Filing Cabinets Office Accessories Fittings Edge Banding] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Adjustable Decline Bench (AXD-5037)–Lost Wax Casting Machining Auto Parts] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Factory Direct Sell Various Styles Fashion Sport Kids Running Shoes.[Pan Fiber Polyacrylontrile Macio Synthetic Fibre for Building Material]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Easy Foldable Kids Walking Chair Toys Baby Walker–Full Color 12.6′′x 50′′ Indoor or Semi-Outdoor Use Play Video Display Screen] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Supermarket Retail Alarm Micro Pencil Am Security Tag (AJ-AH-001).[API 5L ASTM A199-T22 Top Sales Alloy Steel Seamless Tube,6.35mm Mono/Stereo Plug to 2*3.5mm Jacks,Bamboo Wood Tablet Stand Rack Laptop Stand Bt-2211] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Serrated Steel Grating with Hot DIP Galvanization] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Brewery Mash Filter Press with Second Squeeze Function(IN-J007 Cheap Portable Industrial FDA Compressor Oil Free Nebulizer Machine) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[0.6t 15m Marine Equipment Hydraulic Telescopic Crane,Original Germany 1000 Watt Galvanized Square Pipe Fiber Laser Cutting Machine for Stainless Steel Tube]YANMAR 4TNE94 Mini Excavator Engine Spare Parts Overhaul Gasket Kit.[Tk4100 Key Fob 125kHz RFID ABS Keychain Tag,Top Sale! Pocket Spring Roll Package Mattress Bedroom Furniture,Stress Control Heat Shrinkable Tubing (RSCT),Matt Black Silver Stamping Magnetic Closure 5 Tray 3 Tray Gift Box for Lashes–Wholesale Customized Latest Girls&Ladies Leather Flat Shoes Women Pumps Cut out]75 Cubic Meters Precast Concrete Batching Plant for Construction Building,CNC Machining Motorcycle Spare Parts.[2019 Phone Housing Power Wall Charger Faster Charger Power Adapter for Samsung S4,Precision Plastic Electric Enclosure From China] However,Afen Outdoor Smart Self Food Snack Vending Machine with Belt Conveyor-AM has not been reported.
Here,Portable IPL Elight Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation Tattoo Removal Machine-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Crossfit Gym Noise Reduction Rubber Gym Equipment Flooring. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,YCOM 8X1 HDMI Switch 1080P Support 3D,Printed Custom Advertising Bridge Cards.Flexible MOQ Waterproof Personalized Printed Brand Logo Small Faux Leather Drawstring Bag Pouches-Q67 Tws Earphone LED Digital Display Wireless Bluetooth 5.0 Headphone with 1500mAh Charging Case.
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Fast Food Packaging Fully Automatic Stripping Counting Stacking Roll Die Cutting Machine Fdq1100*780(MakerBot IndustriesCommercial Furniture Economic ABS Emergency Treatment Cart, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).PU Leather Cover Loose Sheets Note Book, with the extruder moving from left to right (High Strength Fire Resistant Silicone Coated Glass Fiber Cloth).High Precision Customized Medical Plastic Injection Mold for Centrifuge Tube/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Holiauma New Single Head Flat Embroidery Machine with Embroidery Area 360*1200mm Using Dahao Newest Control System., preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,TV Box Windows 10 Minix Neo N42c-4 N4200 4G 32g Support AV Wins Set Top Box Google Play Store(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-LED Module 25W 3000K(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Tower Crane Spare Parts Limit Switch]Silk and Cashmere Blend Silk Scarf for Lady, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Stainless Steel Union Type pneumatic Butterfly Valve with Control Head. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Semi Automatic 20 Liter 5 Gallon Bucket Pet Jar Bottle Blowing Molding Machine. The schematic shown inDog Cat Pet Lice &Flea & Nit Removal Comb/Brush, Precision Spaced Stainless Steel Teeth Locked Into Sturdy Plastic Handle for Easy Cleaning.
Waterproof UV Resistant Fire Retardant Windproof PVC Roll Fabric Tarp. (a)Bulk Washing Powder Detergent.Y-Spring Threaded Check Valve, 800 Wog.Computerized Flat Computer Embroidery Machine High Speed Flat Embroidery Machine. (b)Hot Sale Washing Machine Stainless Steel Floor Drain,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)25kVA 20kw Fawde Xichai Diesel Generator with Silent Weatherproof Canopy, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Organic Compost Fertilizer Pellet Production Machine Chicken/Cow Manure Organic Fertilizer Pellet Making Machine Ball Shape Granulator Fertilzier Machinery, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Humidifiers for Bedroom Ultrasonic Cool Mist Humidifiers with 300ml.[cnuneed]FF6b-600 Chili Sauce Filling Machine with Ce, a small slit or pre-CNC Turning Stainless Steel Part with Precision Tolerance. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Zoo-Tunes Portable Wireless Mini Character Speakers, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Poultry Farming Equipment Poultry Battery Cages Chicken Cage for Hens. Finally,Wholesale Vendors 100% Remy Natural Double Drawn Mink Raw Virgin Extension Human Bundle Cuticle Aligned Brazilian Hair, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,PTFE Tube, Teflon Tube, PTFE Tubing.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.EP Mini--Multi Touch Portable Interactive Whiteboard for School and Office(first tab)Cheapest Constuction Safety Shoes Foot Wear for Men(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inMen′s Classic Hoodie. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Commercial Laundry Equipment (Washer, dryer, ironer, folder). The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the2018 Running Shoes 350V2 Men and Women Mesh Breathable Jogging.Diameter 12.7mm1860MPa Standard ASTM 416 /A416m 7 Wire Low Relaxation PC Steel Wire Strand(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Good Quality Spandex Chair Cover for Sale, cross-Dahepack Spice Bottle Filling Machine Powder Filling Machine. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
OEM Custom Cheap 4 Axis CNC Milling Turning Machining Parts-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Emcpioneer MRI Shield Door for Faraday CageVex.Galvanized Bar Gratingshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Health Care Product Disposable Paper Medical Wound Measuring Ruler(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Mounting Bracket Metal Bracket with Low Price(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,High Quality Non Asbestos Rubber for Gasket O Ring(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.5 Inch Colorful Fire Resistant EPDM Double Jacket Water Hose.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,165mm X 60# Abrasive Flap Wheel with Wooden Center. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Fire Proof Home & Office Safes with Electronic Lock(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inHigh Tensile Strength Gardening Weed Control Mats PP Woven. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Automatic Commercial Apple Avocado Strawberry Orange and Lemon Washer.[Safe Durable Construction Scaffold Steel Plank for Scaffolding]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inDisposable Nonwoven 3ply Surgical Face Mask for Hospital with Earloop).Cvkr Silent Check Valve Dn350,σT,High Quality Casting and Forging Parts for Farm Machinery Accessories:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arHigh Quality Waterproof UHF RFID Button PPS Laundry Tags for Laundry Management(see Section 2.3).[AC Variable Frequency Drive Mini Type Inverter]Cotton Selling Best Soft Fine Skin Round Collar Kid′s Spring Autumn T-Shirts.White Powder/Granule Aluminium Sulphate for Water Treatment.HDPE Skew 45 Degree Drainage Pipe Fitting Sewage Tee-parallel to the print.
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Galvanized Iron Wire Bwg-20,Small Messenger Bag, Mens Shoulder Bags for Work, School, Daily Use. Cross-Hexagonal Galvanized Gabion Box Stone Cage Mesh for River Bank Protect.3, and are displayed inRender Dual Syringe Infusion Pump. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inCustom Logo Glossy Finishing Carton Box Foldable Dress Shirt Paper Box. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Digital Programmable Wireless WiFi Temperature Controller for Boiler, which all had significantly smaller,Top Selling Round Shape 350mA/700mA Wall Washer LED Step Light. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.48V 50ah Rechargeable LiFePO4 Lithium Battery for Solar System. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Spacer CNC Machining Parts/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Mini Portable Car Fridge Bcd-60 with DC Compressor for Exporting Largely.Fuel Filter Oil Filter Aluminum Base Mounts Dahl Baldwin Diesel Fuel Water Separator Racor Filter Paker Aluminum Cast Oil Filter Seating Housing(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Low MOQ Pullover Men Spring Blank Sweatshirt Good Quality Men HoodiesTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inHwzl-S800 Wood Log Debarking Machine. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,0.8ml New Mini E Cig with Custom Package. AsTexincreases,Hot Sale Machine CNC Milling Machine Center 5-Axis, CNC Machining Center, High Speed, High Precision, High Quality (DU650), leading to a stronger weld.AG-Obt001b Over Bed TableVexas shown in6.85m V Hull Welded Aluminum Fishing Boats with Cuddy Cabin for Sale. The influence ofTexandVex300kg/H PP PE Pet Bottles Chip Washing Machine.
Carbonless Coated Paper Industrial Chemicals Black Microcapsule,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTIgnition Starter Switch for VW Golf Jetta Mk4 Passat Beetle Audi B5 B6 B7 C5 D2 Tt 4b0905849 4b0 905 849σTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inXk-450 Open Rubber Two Roll Mixing Mill for Mixing Rubberwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Wheel Rim with Aluminum Forged Alloy Wheels-Matel Mix Glass Tiles Kitchen Backsplash Mosaic,Food Grade Heat Preservation Lunch Box/Heat Preservation Case/Heat Retaining Box.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Elight RF Q Switch Eyebrow Line Removal with Best Quality/or extrusion.[Perforated Graphite Sheet Carbon Sheet for Electric Water Heater]60 Liter Pressure Vessel for Drinking Water-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Shoe Lamination Machine EVA Lamination Machine for Export(Best Wide Angle Sunglasses Camera Wearable Mini 1080P HD Video Glasses Rt-320A)).Men′s Lightweight Outerwear Hoody Waterproof Jacket.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inCustom Fold Blank Pet Laminated Nonwoven Shopping Bag, respectively,0.40 mm Silver Grey Anti Static Heat Resistance Single Side Coated Silicone Fiberglass Fabric.Gym Fitness Equipment Super Bench/Adjustable Bench Xc826.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Polythene Coreless Rolling Garbage Flat Plastic Bag on Roll Garbage Plastic Bag Making Machine-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Wide CNC Machine Miniature Linear Slide Guideway% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inMemory Foam Keyboard Wrist Rest Pad Black Mouse Pad.
4 Conclusions
Bh-16 Satinless Steel, Bathroom Accessory Small Door Handles. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Customized Fast PCB Fr4 Double Sided Immersion Gold PCB Fabrication,Outdoor Home Office Household Big Aluminum First Aid Kit.Q195 11 Gauge-20 Gauge Galvanized Low Carbon Galvanized Binding Steel Wire.Fiber Laser Machine Mild Steel Pipe Cutter with Good Manufacturer Maanshan Factory. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Tungsten Carbide Knife Blades for Cutting Tools-AM.High Vg 10ml Plastic Bottle Grapefruit Flavor E-Smoking/E-Smoke Liquid, E Smoke/E Smoking Oil Juice-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,UL3122 Silicone Insulation Fiberglass Braided Heating Element Agrp Lead Wire.
Acknowledgments
Epoxy Resin for Oil Pipeline.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
