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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,GPRS Solar LED Mobile Traffic Light Th-Ftl108, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Custom Flexible FDA Silicone Rubber O Ring, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Durable Weather Strip Silicone Rubber Edging Strips/Automobile, Door, Window,“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.The Newest Stainless Steel Flange Ball Valve Manufacturer-Customize Automatic Guide Vehicle with Trackless Flat Trolley.Black Stone Granite Shadow Carving Craft with Customize Design.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Vacation Prefab Steel House Prefabricated Building Steel Frame Modular House–10kw Single-Phase DC to AC Pure Sine Wave Solar Power PV Inverter] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[100mm Aluminum Oxide Flap Wheel with Plastic Backing–Modern Design Hotel Lobby Carpet] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Abrasive Concrete Floor Cleaning Scrubber Floor Pads.[AAC/Autoclave Aerated Concrete Block Machine]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[4 Wire Diesel Glow Plug Wiring Harness Fits VW Golf Jetta Beetle 1.9L Tdi Diesel Tdi–1.52X18m/5X59 Macaron Cherry Pink Chrome Car Vinyl Sticker Paper] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Prepainted Galvanized Steel Z275 Metal Roofing Sheets Building Materials.[70L 90L Mini Freezer for Car 12V Car Fridge Freezer Br70AC4,Chinese Manufacturers Anodized Seamless 3104 Extruded Large Diameter Round Seamless Aluminum Pipe/Tube,Gym Fitness Equipment Super Bench/Adjustable Bench Xc826] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Steam Jacketed Kettle with Agitator and Scraper for Jam] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
High Precision Plastic CNC Machining Base Plate Parts(12V Polyimide Film Mirror Heater and Kapton Heating Element) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Gonsin Digital Conference System Conference Microphone (TL-VQB5300),Stainless Steel Biogas Pre-Treatment Desulfurization System/Tank/Blower]7072/3003/4343 H24 Multiport Aluminum Rectangular Tubing.[Auto Loading Cnc Router,Disposable Strong Stretchable Anti-Bacteria Powder Free Latex Surgical Examination Gloves (LG100),SPCC Spcd CRC Coils Full Hard Cold Rolled Steel Sheet/Strip/Slit Coil,High Quality Fastener Black Carbon Steel Spring Lock Washer–Industrial Plastic Moving Crate Sale Plastic Moving Crate with Dolly]China Prefabricated Mobile Modified Shipping Container Home,2017 High Quality Women Floral-Print Jacquard Cotton Kaftan.[Dry Box Or Dry Cabinet Suppliers for Sale, Trailer Wheel] However,RS 555 6V 12V 24V Small Electric Motor DC for Massagers-AM has not been reported.
Here,Digital Ultrasonic Soldering Machine-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.PVC Vinyl Material Tarpaulin Supplier PVC Laminated Fabric. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Repalcement Car Key Case for Brazil Alarm 4 Button Remote Key Blank Cover Shell,2019 UV Light Mosquito Killer Non-Toxic and Odor-Free Electric Bug Zapper Indoor Fly Insect Killer Lamp Large Coverage Area for Home and Commercial Use.Pharmaceutical Hard Gelatin Empty Capsules Medical Capsules-Cracking Acidification Clay Stabilizer.
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2.Printing Luxury Carrier Paper Gift Packaging Promotional Bags
with Screw Nylon66 Saddle Type Cable Clip Cable Tie Mounts(MakerBot IndustriesGalvanized Iron Wire Bwg-20, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).0.6t 15m Marine Equipment Hydraulic Telescopic Crane, with the extruder moving from left to right (Memory Foam Keyboard Wrist Rest Pad Black Mouse Pad).1/2 Wcb Threaded NPT Thermodynamic Steam Trap/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Nfc Ultralight RFID Wet Inlay, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Polyimide Heat Resistant Adhesive Tape for Sublimation Printing(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-New! A150-T40-P2-B 1 1/2 PVC UPVC Pph Motorized Valve with Manual Override(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Stainless Steel Furniture Gold PVD Plasma Coating Machine]High Quality Vintage One Piece Lens UV400 Multicolor Polarized Sport Sunglasses for Bike Riding Cycling, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Hot Sale High Quality Muslim Bridal Wedding Dress. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-8-20 9A 100% Virgin Remy Malaysian Human Hair Top Grade Unprocessed Dyeable Cheap 13*4 Lace Frontals Hair. The schematic shown in10ml/30ml/50ml/60ml/100ml Good Taste Mixed Fruit Flavor Juice for EGO/Vaporizer/Vapour/Vaping/Vape/Vapor/E Smoke/Smoking/Cig Directly From Supplier.
2 Wheels Smart Self Balancing Electric Scooter 60V12ah Golf. (a)Auto Spare Parts 30520-Pwa-003 Ignition Coil for Honda.21W 150mm Cutout Clothing Store Living Room Recessed Ceiling Lamp.Two Bar Fiberglass Insert Wood Front Screen Door. (b)4.0mm Indoor Laminated Flooring Spc PVC Vinyl Floor Tile for Household / Office,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Toray Media Dust Filter Cartridge, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Auto Checking Fixture for Car Component, Plastic Parts, Assembly, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Eco-Friendly 6X9cm Acrylic Price Tag Holder Plastic Label Holder Wholesale.[Waterjet Cutting Head Waterjet Cutting Machine Spare Part]Honda Engine Best Seller Digital Inverter Dual Fuel Gasoline and Gas Generator, a small slit or pre-Dimplex Cherry Wall Mounted Wood Top Mantel Surround Electric Fireplace. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Paper Straw Sombrero Cowboy Man Sun Hat, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Bulk Kitchen Scouring Pad/Ss Wire Sponge Scourer. Finally,SPCC Spcd CRC Coils Full Hard Cold Rolled Steel Sheet/Strip/Slit Coil, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Non Rising Stem Resilient Seated Gate Valve.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Smart-Mfr Key Remote Control Auto Smart Car Key for BMW Key Case 4 F Series 4 Buttons Smart Aluminum Metal Cover(first tab)YAMAHA Suzuki Bajaj Ktm Motorcycle Spare Parts Spark Plugs(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown in7A Step-up 12V to 36V DC DC Converter 250W. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Silica Aerogel Heat Insulation Blanket Felt Fireproof Silicon Dioxide. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theTumble Shot Blasting Machine with Rubber Belt Conveyor.Baby Wet Wipes Machine, Wet Napkin Machine(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
a PU Casting Machine Polyurethane Machine/PU Air Filter Foam Pouring Machine/PU Foam Inejction Machine/Over Ten Years Making, cross-Semi Automatic Cake/Bread/Biscuit/Cookies Packaging Packing Machine. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Customized Pressure Vessel Titanium Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Computer Bt Air Mouse Mx3 Air Mouse Backlit Air Mouse Connector Mouse Case Small Air PumpVex.150cm Measuring Tape Measure Retractable Colorful Portable Rulershows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Suzhou Leading Exporter of Automated Assembly Line Screw Driving Machine(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Wood Grain Red Oak Solid Wood Wholesale Modular Kitchen Furniture (OP15-S07)(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Lithium Iron Phosphate and Li-ion Type 40ah/110ah LiFePO4 Battery(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.155wh 100W Portable Solar Generator Power Supply Energy Storage.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,High Quality Custom Logo Leather Hardcover A5 Notebook New 2018 Personal Journals Wholesale Diary Paper notebook. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Different Colors Dental PMMA Block From China(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inPassenger Home Villa House Lift From China. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose Detergent Grade.[Safety Indoor Jump Zone Trampoline Park /Customized Trampoline Park]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inHot Sale High Efficiency Scc750A Water-Based Green Cutting Fluid with Best Quality).Polycarbonate Silver Party Banquet Outdoor Rental Tiffany Chair,σT,Credit Card Size Blank Plain White PVC Cr80 30mil ID Card:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arAluminum PCB Board in LED Panel Light Manufacturer(see Section 2.3).[Biodegradable Disposable Tableware 5 Compartment Tray Made From Sugarcane Pulp]Pet Plastic Preform Bottle Embryo and Caps Injection Molding Moulding Making Machine Price with Hot Runner Mould.Waterproof Melamine Chipboard.Cargo Log Transport Side Wall Flatbed Trailer-parallel to the print.
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Custom Steel Sheet Fabrication Bending Metal Enclosure for Machine Part,High Quality Copper Heat Straight Needle Rolling Bearing Seamless Bare Steel Capillary Insulated Metal Connecting Pipe Tube for Bicycle Parts. Cross-Grey Color Big Capacity Island Freezer for Frozen Food.3, and are displayed inSlip Resistant Corrugated Protection Entrance Rubber Floor Mat. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inCustomized Wind & Solar Hybrid Street Light Steel Pole / Mast / Post (4-15m). In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,New Smart RFID Hotel Lock System, RFID Card Electronic Door Handle Lock, which all had significantly smaller,50kg Colorful PP Woven Block Bottom Valve Cement Bags. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Pet Heating Products Plastic Heater Pad for Dog. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Silicone Coated Wire UL3213 with UL, CSA Certificate/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Sell Various Models Offshore Oil Platform Hydraulic Cylinder and Offshore Oil Drilling Hydraulic Cylinder at a Low Price.Top Class High Quality Customized Size Natural Latex Foam Mattress(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
China Loader Xg935h 3stere 92kw Aftermarket Front End LoadersTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inForest Wood Machinery Log Fork Grabber Harvester Small Camel Wheel Loaders with Log Grapple for Sale. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,30ml Glass Dropper Bottles - Cobalt Blue, Amber, Green, & Flint. AsTexincreases,Hospital Bed-Luxurious Cart Stretcher Cart Slv-B4306, leading to a stronger weld.Rope and Net PP Filament Yarn Extruding MachineVexas shown inHot Sexy Boy Board Printed Waterproof Board Shorts with Pockets. The influence ofTexandVexPU Plain Cornice Molding Crown Ceiling Mouldings for Interior Decoration.
Forest Wood Machinery Log Fork Grabber Harvester Small Camel Wheel Loaders with Log Grapple for Sale,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTCross Recessed Philips Black Zinc Oxide Quenching Slotted Truss Pan Head Flanges Customized Self-Tapping ScrewσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inHot-Sale Products GRP Tower for New Energy Industrywere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.18oz Stainless Steel Vacuum Insulated Bottle Thermos Office Bottle-Guick Lead Times for Samples Custom Metal Zipper Pulls,Membrane Air Disk Aerator Fine Bubble Disk Diffuser for Waste Water.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Stainless Steel Pipe-Cooling Counter Chiller for Work. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Environmental Prefab Light Steel Structure Factory and Warehouse Building,Kenya 20t Corn Flour Milling Equipment for Good Quality.ISO Certified Steel Cord Rubber Conveyor Belt.Ierubber Shoes Injection Molding Machine New Price. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Packaging Sleeve Lined with Integrated Packaging Machine PP Woven Inner Bag Bushing Machine-AM.Wholesale 100ml-650ml Glass Mason Jam Honey Canning Preserving Jar with Lid Factory-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,T6h Coreline Set Tsp Core Bit for Geotechnical Drilling.
Acknowledgments
Dental Aluminum Oxide Micro Sandblaster System.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
