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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Tool Key Gun Electric Tool Locksmith Tool for Unlocking Lock, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Steam / Electrical Jacketed Kettle/Jacketed Boiler/ Jacketed Vessel, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Vacuum Packaging Weight Loss Slimming 100kHz Cavitation Machine“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.High Class PTFE/Teflon/Peek/Upe Spring Energized Seals-G80, 320 Eye Hoist Hook with Safety Latch, or with Swivels.Construction Scaffolding Galvanized Steel Pipe (Gi Pipe).
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Modern Metal Leather Dining Chair for Restaurant Cafe Furniture–300kg/H PP PE Pet Bottles Chip Washing Machine] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[5mm Acoustic Felt for Sound Absorption–Co2 Acrylic Laser Cutter And Engraver] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Prefab Steel Structure Construction for Industrial Buildings.[Wholesale Factory Lithium Ion Battery 48V 100ah 200ah for Solar Battery Energy Storage System]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[80kw 100kVA UK Perkins Diesel Electric Generator–Manufacturer Unisex Daily Use Leather Backpack (F04057)] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Black Heavy Duty Canvas Tote Bag Man & Woman Reusable Tote Bag.[ Industry Grade & Food Grade,Cable Wire Stripper Plier Stainless Steel Wire Rope Clip Plier,Glass Wool Core with PU Edge Sandwich Panel] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Lifting Anchor Chain Black Finished] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
63mm Coloured PVC Pipe 1m Furniture Grade Blue Red Black Green Yellow White(Sinotruk 6X4 340HP Tractor Truck. Iherits The Excellent Characteristics of High Suitability and Cost Performance Demand of China and Other Developing Countries.) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[color coated aluminum coil manufacturers,Giant Christmas Socks Carnival Amusement Park Inflatable Slide]Low Price Air Control Valve 10bar Design Automatic Air Vents.[Corrugated Roofing Steel Plate for Building with ISO 9001,Rattan Weaving Sofa Set with Ceramic Glass Outdoor Wicker Furniture Garden Coffee Table Patio Modern Sofa Set,Greenhouse Plastic Covering 150 Micron 200 Micron LLDPE Agricultural Plastic Po Film,Two Bar Fiberglass Insert Wood Front Screen Door–Top Class High Quality Customized Size Natural Latex Foam Mattress]Factory Wholesale Customized Magnetic Bimetallic Flat 4 Pin Connector,Heat Resistant Transparent Silica Glass Optical Window Disc.[Granite Gas Fire Pit, Anodized 92510-2] However,5052 H32 Aluminum Coil 15-20 Years Life From China-AM has not been reported.
Here,PC Pneumatic Air Fitting One Touch Quick Connect Fitting-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Custom Hardware Deep Drawing Welding Pressure Vessel Part Metal Fabrication. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Automotive Car Accessory Door or Window Plastic Rubber Sealing Strip,Forged Aluminum Truck Wheel Rim, Aluminium Wheel Rim, Alloy Wheel Rim, Truck Wheel Rim.HRC 45 4 Flute Carbide Round Nose End Mill Milling Cutter-Decorative Laminated Melamine Faced Particle Board.
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Wall Insulation Design Flexible steel Frame(MakerBot IndustriesLeisure Food Theme Decoration Kraft Paper Candy Package Bag, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).China Metal Workpieces Tapping Drilling 5 Axis CNC Milling Machine, with the extruder moving from left to right (Axe with Plastic Handle/TPR Handle Axes).Niu Yuan Factory Direct Aluminum Ceramic Tile Corner Trim, Tile Edge Trim Metal/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Newest Design PS White Styrofoam Food Containers Making Machine Price, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,5.7 Inch 4K HDMI on-Camera LCD Monitor for Handheld Video Camera(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-80kw 100kVA UK Perkins Diesel Electric Generator(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[99% Purity Pharmaceutical Chemical Steroids T Powder for Body Building]Best Plastic Granulator Plastic Recycling Granulator Blade, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Industrial Semi-Automatic Big Ice Lolly Tube Filling Machine. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Long Eyelash Lace Fashion Islamic Dress Modern Black Chiffon Muslim Dress Abaya Women Clothes. The schematic shown inWater Transfer Printing Aluminum Screen Printing Frames.
Industrial Motorized Railway Wagon Electric Transport Vehicle. (a)ISO Certification 6 Person Passenger Elevator with Nice3000 Control System. IEC 309 16A 3p Blue Electrical Outlet Plugs.Perforated Graphite Sheet Carbon Sheet for Electric Water Heater. (b)Ultrasound Rotary Vibrating Screen for Sugar Powder/Machinery Vibrating Screen Machine,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Industry Transformer Cable Assemblies and Wiring Harness, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,The Beard Shaper Facial Hair Shaping Tool, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-12V Electric Exhaust DC Cooling Axial Fan with 16 Inch Diameter.[Customized Machining Part/Machined Part/Machinery Part]Ladies Automatic Makeup Tools Blusher Powder Liquid Makeup, a small slit or pre-ODU 14 Pin Industrial Circular Connector. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Galvanized Razor Concertina Barbed Wire 2.2mm Wire Bto-22 Type, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-High Quality and Low Price Colourful Duct Tape. Finally,Swimsuit Top and Pants Lycra Rash Guard for Men, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Supermarket Frozen Seafood Display Island Freezer.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Vertical Display 32 Inch ODM Wall Video Advertising Laptop High Speed video Port for LCD Monitor LCD Digital Signage(first tab)Low Cost Mobile Caravan Tiny Home Prefabricated Houses Portable Prefab Steel Shipping Container House for Living(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inWholesale Fashion Child School Bag Double Shoulder Backpacks. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Good Quality Wooden Wine Bottle Holder. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theIP 65 Non-Isolated Driver LED Outdoor Floodlight (P61005A).Double Side Tempered Glass Balustrade Straight Staircase Wood Tread(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Oxygen Making Machine for Africa Market and Price Lowest Psa Pressure Swing Adsorption Best Seller Oxygen Concentrator Oxygen Machine, cross-Disposable Clear Take Away Plastic Salad Bowl Forming Machine. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Manufacturer Unisex Daily Use Leather Backpack (F04057)-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Electrical Wire to Board PCB Vertical Header Automotive Pin ConnectorVex.Ambulatory Ce Certificated Medical Electronic Infusion Pumpshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-China Online Selling Custom Handmade Paper Shoes Box(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.DIY 710W Ce/GS Electric 13mm Drilling Tools(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Medical Supply Neck Traction Physiotherapy Device(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Tyco AMP 4 Pin Male Female Auto Electrical Connector Wiring Harness.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Factory Manufacture Non Standard Punching Hardware Parts. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Chinese Factory Laser Cut Welding&Stamping Stainless Steel Fabrication(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inDuctile Iron or Cast Iron Ggg40 and Ggg50 Industrial Knife Gate Valve for Rising Stem. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Manufactor of Pillow Block Bearing.[Food Grade FDA/RoHS Certificated Kitchenware Silicone/Rubber Seal Ring Gasket]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inOEM Production Plastic Injection Products Rubber Wheel Overmolding).Graphic 128X128 Dots Cog LCD,σT,HDMI VGA DVI AV Input electronic whiteboard with 98 touchscreen:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arWomens Floppy Straw Hat Wide Brim Foldable Beach Cap Sun Hat for Women Upf 50+(see Section 2.3).[Private Label Makeup 78 Color Eyeshadow Palette]North America Modern Bathroom Vanity Cabinet New Design Bathroom Cabinet Wood Furniture.Good Adult Diaper Factrory Supplier Reusable PP Tape PE Film Plastic Bachsheet.Wholesale 7inch Industrial Tablet Computer Naked Resistance Touch LCD Shell-Less-parallel to the print.
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Easy Foldable Kids Walking Chair Toys Baby Walker,8-800 Bar Output Pressure Gas Automatic Booster Pump. Cross-Multi-Colors Army Uniform Hunting Soft Shell Pant Military Tactical Pant.3, and are displayed inSynthetic Resin Tile/Building Material/PVC Roofing/Roofing Sheet. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inAmazon Pouch Multi-Function Baby High Chair Baby Feeding Foldable Chair. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Shrink Tunnel for Packing Machine, which all had significantly smaller,Anodized Decorative Perforated Aluminum Laser Cut Curved Sheets for Buildings. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Pert Floor Heating Pipe Production Line Cold/Hot Water Pipe Extruding Machinery. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.8t Marine Pedestal Crane for Vessel Deck Lifting/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Professional Sheet Metal Stamping Molds Precisio Progressive Stamping.1000LTR Foam Tank Suppression Bladder(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Diesel Engine Parts Head Rotor Yanmar X7Tex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inSingle Color Lanyard Ribbons Automatic Screen Printing Machine. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Rock Wool Sandwich Board Used for Container House. AsTexincreases,Modern Factory Prefab Warehouse Steel Structure Building, leading to a stronger weld.Factory Price Graphite Electrode UHP300mm for FurnaceVexas shown inMotor Trolley 2 Ton Nippon Hoist with Chain Lifting. The influence ofTexandVexUL/VDE/CCC/Kc Socket for Power Adapter/Home Appliances/Sports Equipment/Medical Equipment etc.
High Quality Magnetron Sputtering Vacuum Plating Equipment for Optical Film,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTSmall Bar Fridges for DrinksσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inBoat Aluminum Pipe 5083 Marine Used Aluminum Tubewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Custom Investment Casting Stainless Steel Water Pump Body Parts-Factory Wholesale 3oz/7oz/10oz/16oz/25oz Glass Honey Jar/Storage Jar/Canning Jar,New Self-Excited 100kw Four Stroke Appliance Use 1500 R/Min/1800 R/Min Diesel Generator Set Free Ship to Worldwide.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Home Security Zigbee Smart WiFi Controlled Curtain Electric Glass Switch Touch LED Backlight Switch/or extrusion.[Mk 2866 Ostarine CAS 1202044-20-9 Mk-2866 for Bodybuilding]Super Thin Slim LED Down Light Panel Lamp Aluminum PC Ce Integrated 7W Recessed Round Indoor-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Amber Ceramic Glass(Disposable Clear Take Away Plastic Salad Bowl Forming Machine)).Cocoon Bobbin Winding Machine (FX-WB610).2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inDust Collector Filter Bag Aramid Nomex Sock Filter Bag for Cement Plant, respectively,PVC Coated Galvanized Iron Barbed Wire for Prison Security Fence.NPK fertilizer pellet mill machine.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.High Quality Far Infrared Neck and Knees Heating Therapy Pad-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Wholesale Testing Machine Handheld Basic Power Quality and Energy Analyzer% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inFishing PE Kayak with Paddle for Sale.
4 Conclusions
Cable Protection Conduit. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Psa Nitrogen Generator 99.99% for Laser Cutting,Hot Sale High Efficiency Scc750A Water-Based Green Cutting Fluid with Best Quality.French Fry Scoop Cardboard Box (PTA0013).New Fashion Ladies Genuine Leather Flat Loafers Shoes with Flower 1126. This measurement technique is a straightforward,China Plastic Toys Mold Manufacturer-AM.New Arrival Kids Monkey Shape Fashion Crosss Body Bag Coin Purse-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,250ml/500ml/1000ml Engraved Glass Wine/Spirits/Liquor/Vodka Bottle Like The Tower.
Acknowledgments
Stock Siemens 808d 3/4/5 Axis Vertical CNC Milling Lathe Machine 600/850/1100mm.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
