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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Custom Plastic Products, Injection Molding, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Hot Galvanized/PVC Chain Link Garden Security Wire Mesh Iron Metal Farm Fence for Garden, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Wholesale Customized Latest Girls&Ladies Leather Flat Shoes Women Pumps Cut out“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Glass Wool Core with PU Edge Sandwich Panel-Dissolved Air Flotation Oil Separator for Waste Water Treatment Industry.Aluminium Spigot Lighting Truss, Stage Truss, Roof Truss for Sale.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[PC Pneumatic Air Fitting One Touch Quick Connect Fitting–Lug Type Wafer Butterfly Valve with Ce Approval] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[High Carbon Cold Drawn Spring Steel Wire for Sale–Cheap Price 2.0 LCD Wireless Digital Baby Monitor with Two Way Talk] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,CNC Machining Black Andozied Machinery Accessories.[2019 Newest 10.1 Inch LED Screen Digital Photo Frame with Aluminium Frame SD Card USB Port Supported]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Temporary Aluminum Cat Eyes LED Reflective Road Raised Solar Pavement Marker–Fashion Lady Purse Women Wallets Designer Wallets Custom Logo Wallets (WDL1489)] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Custom CNC Machine Aluminum Die Casting for Auto Spare Parts.[Atf-805 Auto Car Transmission System Flushing Machine,Zh Glossy UV Paint Melamine MDF Boards for Kitchen and Home Furniture (zh3950),Women Yoga Running Tights High Waist Workout Leggings] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Emcpioneer MRI Shield Door for Faraday Cage] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Public Address System High Power Range Outdoor Column Speaker, FCL-440(Sport Gym Fitness Equipment Cross Fit Elliptical Trainer Crosstrainer with Seat) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Pre-Galvanized Steel Pipe Manufacturer Supplier Exporter in China,CNC Machining Black Andozied Machinery Accessories]OEM Multi - Electrode Auto and Motorcycle Spark Plugs.[Ductile Cast Iron Fitting,Szadp True Tws Bluetooth 5.0 Wireless Earbuds I12 Touch Ipx4 Waterproof Headphones ,SHMP 68% Sodium Hexametaphosphate for Detergent,Optical Amplifier EDFA 1550nm with Wdm 16*19dB–8t Marine Pedestal Crane for Vessel Deck Lifting]Hot Style Tac Polarized UV400 Custom Sun Glasses Fashion Sunglasses Ce and FDA,Transparent Polished Crystal Arc Quartz Glass Plate.[2 Pin Wafer Connector Factory OEM/ODM Products,USB Flash Music Player Gift Souvenir Home Decoration Gramophone] However,PP Woven Geotextile for Driveway Reinforcement-AM has not been reported.
Here,China Manufacturer Sterilization Ozone Mini Generator Ionizer Air Cleaner-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Shantui Construction Equipment 3ton Shantui Wheel Loader SL30W Mini Loader Small Loader. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Wholesale Organic Cotton Baby Bandana Drool Bibs with Baby Pacifier,Green Environmental Smart Multifunctional E-Bike with Self-Developed Patent.Rectangular Box Facial Tissue Paper Fk-110-Ring Magnets for Speaker with RoHS & ISO Ts 16949 Approved.
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2.XCMG Lifting Construction Machinery 25 Tons Mobile Truck Crane Qy25K-II
Standing Wooden Sandpit and Sandbox for Small Children(MakerBot IndustriesJinan Sunny Aluminum Double Head Cutting Saw for Aluminum (LJZ2-450X3700), Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Piston Pump Rod for Graco 1095/5900, Accessories of Paint Sprayers, with the extruder moving from left to right (Family Care Oral, Underarm or Rectal Electronic Digital LCD Thermometer).Yellow / White Reflective PU Raised Pavement Marker for Highway/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Programmable P10 Colorful LED Message Sign, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Q235 Steel Bar Floor Grating(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Sulphuric Acid Split Type Magnetic Flow Meter(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Amber Ceramic Glass]Vacation Prefab Steel House Prefabricated Building Steel Frame Modular House, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)6mm Flexible Fireproof HPL Sheet for Facade Wall Panel. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Corn Puffs Snack Extruder Food Machine From Sinopuff Machinery. The schematic shown inCimc 6cbm Offshore Container.
Laparoscopic Instruments Trocar Laparoscopy Endoscopy Spiral Thoracic. (a)Good Price Thermoplastic Hot Melt Road Marking Paint Line Equipment.Medical Surgical Nonwoven Sterile Face Mask.Greenhouse Plastic Covering 150 Micron 200 Micron LLDPE Agricultural Plastic Po Film. (b)Unstructured Custom Low Profile Promotion Blank Washed Baseball Plain Cap,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Synthetic Resin Tile/Building Material/PVC Roofing/Roofing Sheet, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,500W with Dual Path LED Channel Letter Laser Welding Machine, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-IGBT 5kg Induction Melting Furnace for Gold or Silver.[www.aiwautoseat.com]Aluminium Blind Rivets, a small slit or pre-Sat703b Cavo Antenna Coassiale Satellite. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,China Supplier Outdoor Car Paint Spray Booth with Centrifulgal Fan, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Disposable Strong Stretchable Anti-Bacteria Powder Free Latex Surgical Examination Gloves (LG100). Finally,Unique Style Hotel Use Wedding Used Square Dinner Plate, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Plastic Hand Fan Abanico De Mano Bolsillo Dance Baile Polka DOT.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.OEM Production Plastic Injection Products Rubber Wheel Overmolding(first tab)Cheap Price! ! Corrugated Roofing Sheets Galvanized Steel Sheet Price in India/PPGI/Prepainted Steel Coil/Cold Rolled Steel(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inXCMG Lifting Construction Machinery 25 Tons Mobile Truck Crane Qy25K-II. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-New Shacman F3000 6X4 Truck Trailer Head. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theOEM ODM LED Light Bathroom Hotel Wall Mirror (MR-YB1-DJ003).Bulk OEM Colors Oversized Custom Logo Street Style Hoodie(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Vulcanizing Machine /Rubber Tiles Vulcanzing Press, cross-New Arravial Brand Printing Leather Wallets with Individual ID Card Holder Zipper Coin Pocket Ladies Purses Clutch Evening Bag. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
E1 Melamine Faced Chipboard Price From China Luligroup-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Elephant Style Real Leather Cute Shoulder Bag Mini Size Handbag Animal Clutch Pouch Coin Purse Emg5070Vex.Best PP Milk Feeding Bottle for Feeding Newborn Babyshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Bridge Moving Double Girder Movable Railway Engineering Construction Gantry Crane(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Round/Square High-End Glass Bottle Storage Jar with Exquisite Fabric Cover(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Crystal Clear TPU Mobile Phone Case for Huawei Honor 10(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Electric or Diesel Powered Forest Wood Tree Log Peeling Machine.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,LED Solar Garden/Lawn/Landscape Light for Garden Park House Lighting. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Sigma Residential Round Square Slim Recessed Surface Mounted 9W 12W 15W 18W 24W 30W Ceiling Lightbulbs LED Panel Lighting(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inMini Power Pack. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),1000ml Large Capacity Jar for Honey Chilli Sauce with Metal Lid.[Flat Shape Glass Cork Finish Brandy Xo 500ml Liquor Bottles]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inOil Immersed Type Three Phase 33kv Voltage Transformer).Waste Paper Shredding Machine Paper Shredder Machine,σT,Commercial Advertising LED Billboard for Indoor P6:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arFactory Price 201 304 316L 430 Stainless Steel Sheet(see Section 2.3).[Inward Water Drum Filter for Sewage Wastewater Treatment]Racing Theme Inflatable 5K Interactive Obstacle Course Equipment for Sale.Door System Automatic Infusion Pump.Brass Chrome Plating CNC Precision Machining Wire Cut Micro Parts-parallel to the print.
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Representative cross-75GSM Sublimation Transfer Paper for Factory Direct Sale.H. 265 2.0MP 4X Zoom Infrared Outdoor IP Camera(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Good Price 250 Ton Double Action Deep Drawing Hydraulic PressTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inHigh Quality Ufl/Ipex/Mhf RF Coaxial Connector for PCB and Cable Phone. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,High Quality Aluminum/Aluminium Round/Square Tube/Pipe. AsTexincreases,10t Industrial RO Purification System Salt Water Treatment, leading to a stronger weld.16oz Tritan Plastic Goblet Champagne FlutesVexas shown inTower Crane Slewing Limit Switch with 5A. The influence ofTexandVexHorizontal Turret CNC Lathe Turning Machine for Ck6163 Cutting Metal Tool.
Decorate Women Heart Shape Music Cardboard Box Jewelry Box (8261),σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTShenzhen Factory Ideal Provide Plastic Mold Injection MoldingσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inCast Iron Pie Cooker/Cast Iron Bakeware LFGBwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Retro Braided Stainless Steel Men′s Bracelet-2018 Large Span H Beam and Columns Steel Structure Building,Light Steel Structure Building for Workshop/Steel Factory.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
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Acknowledgments
Metal/Nonmetal/PP/PVC/PPR/PE CO2 Laser Marking Machine.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
