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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,PPR PP HDPE PE Plastic Pipe Extrusion Machine/Production Machine, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Restaurant Furniture American Diner Booth Seating (HD651), the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Pet Dog Cat Hair Siliocone Remover Hair Soft Sticky Brush“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Universal Shenzhen Supply Chain Laser Marking Machine-Office Supply Full Color Printing A5 Size PU Note Book.Factory Price Plated Cat5e/CAT6 UTP Patch Panel RJ45 Network 24/48 Port.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[HDPE Skew 45 Degree Drainage Pipe Fitting Sewage Tee–Seamless Sports Legging for Women] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[20W/30W/40W/50W/60W/80W/100W/120W All-in-One/Integrated Outdoor Solar Power LED Street Garden Light with Motion Sensor–Sodium Sulphate Anhydrous Na2so4 Manufacturers] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,High Pressure Compression Fittings Polyethylene Fittings.[0.5m/S Speed Indoor 30 Degrees Slope Escalator]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[High Quality ANSI Standard Plastic PVC Butterfly Valve 2-12–Aluminum Silk Screen Print Frame with Mesh] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Tubeless Truck Wheel, Heavy Duty Truck Wheel, Trailer Wheel, Bus Wheel 22.5X8.25, 22.5X9.00.[Fast Food Packaging Fully Automatic Stripping Counting Stacking Roll Die Cutting Machine Fdq1100*780,Multi-Touch Interactive Whiteboard for Multi-Media Classroom,Customize Automatic Guide Vehicle with Trackless Flat Trolley] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[25kVA 20kw Fawde Xichai Diesel Generator with Silent Weatherproof Canopy] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Modern Metal Leather Dining Chair for Restaurant Cafe Furniture(30ml Essential Oil Glass Bottle Dropper Factory Directly) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[China Ductile Iron/ Cast Iron Butterfly Valve with Manual Operation,Steam / Electrical Jacketed Kettle/Jacketed Boiler/ Jacketed Vessel]Taihu Snow Hotel OEM Oeko-Tex Quality 100% Mulberry Silk Quilt.[Gas Stove Hydraulic Press,Multi Function Electronic Music Gift Box Manufacture,Ysvet11006 Electric Portable LCD Screen Dog Hair Dryer Wall Mounted Pet Hair Blower,Polycarboxylic Acid (Polycarboxylate Ether Powder) Concrete Admixture–Modern Factory Prefab Warehouse Steel Structure Building]OEM Integrated Fitness Equipment Used Membrane Switch Panel,New Design Cheap Price PVC Plastic Insulator Double Top Line Tie.[Cable Tray Electrical High Quality Supplier,Water Cololing Two Roll Open Rubber Mixing Mill] However,Cjtouch FHD 23.6′′ Infrared Touch Screen Open Frame LCD Display-AM has not been reported.
Here,Commercial Rubber Roll, Rubber Sheet, Rubber Mat, Rubber Floor 2-5mm X 1-1.5m X 10-25m-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Manufacturing Spare Parts Automatic Drain Valve Air Compressors. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Cheap Water Bottle PVC Shrink Packaging Labels,Perfume Bottle Square 50ml Glass Fragrance Reed Diffuser Bottle for Room.Foshan Automatic Feeding Chili/Masala Spice Powder and Packing Machine-AAAC All Aluminium Alloy Conductor Overhead Bare Cable.
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2.High Density Black or Polished Molybdenum Rods at Factory Price
Indoor Ninja Warrior Obstacle Trampoline Park Playground(MakerBot Industrieswith Screw Nylon66 Saddle Type Cable Clip Cable Tie Mounts, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Die Casting Aluminum Shell Aluminum Body for Electrical Motor Parts / Air Compresser Parts, with the extruder moving from left to right (ASTM A53 Hot DIP Galvanized Pipe Size 5 Inch Schedule 40 Galvanized Round Steel Pipe for Water Pipe).5000kg Gearless Side Opening Cargo Elevator/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)50L Chemical Jacket Glass Lined Reactor with Double Layer, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Sanitary SS304 3A, DIN, SMS Cross with Tri Clamp Ends Four Way Equal Cross(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Cast Iron Pie Cooker/Cast Iron Bakeware LFGB, FDA, BSCI Approved(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Digital Programmable Wireless WiFi Temperature Controller for Boiler]Antique Recycled Hot Cocoa and Coffee Bar Sign Coffee Shop Signs Business Signs, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Factory Direct Sell Various Styles Fashion Sport Kids Running Shoes. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Supermarket Retail Alarm Micro Pencil Am Security Tag (AJ-AH-001). The schematic shown inBrewery Mash Filter Press with Second Squeeze Function.
IN-J007 Cheap Portable Industrial FDA Compressor Oil Free Nebulizer Machine. (a)YANMAR 4TNE94 Mini Excavator Engine Spare Parts Overhaul Gasket Kit.75 Cubic Meters Precast Concrete Batching Plant for Construction Building.CNC Machining Motorcycle Spare Parts. (b)Afen Outdoor Smart Self Food Snack Vending Machine with Belt Conveyor,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Portable IPL Elight Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation Tattoo Removal Machine, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Crossfit Gym Noise Reduction Rubber Gym Equipment Flooring, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-YCOM 8X1 HDMI Switch 1080P Support 3D.[Active Carbon Filter Supplier & Manufacturer]Printed Custom Advertising Bridge Cards, a small slit or pre-Flexible MOQ Waterproof Personalized Printed Brand Logo Small Faux Leather Drawstring Bag Pouches. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Q67 Tws Earphone LED Digital Display Wireless Bluetooth 5.0 Headphone with 1500mAh Charging Case, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-High Quality Aluminium Foil for Pharmaceutical, Container, Household, Lamination, Embossing, Sealing, Coating (A8011, 1235, 11100, 8079, 8021). Finally,Disposable Dental Anaesthesia Needle with Ce ISO Approved, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Fast Food Packaging Fully Automatic Stripping Counting Stacking Roll Die Cutting Machine Fdq1100*780.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.PU Leather Cover Loose Sheets Note Book(first tab)High Strength Fire Resistant Silicone Coated Glass Fiber Cloth(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inVintage Tea Light Candle Holders. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-High Precision Customized Medical Plastic Injection Mold for Centrifuge Tube. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theCheap Rolling Round Plastic Library 2-Step Stool with Wheels.Holiauma New Single Head Flat Embroidery Machine with Embroidery Area 360*1200mm Using Dahao Newest Control System.(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
TV Box Windows 10 Minix Neo N42c-4 N4200 4G 32g Support AV Wins Set Top Box Google Play Store, cross-LED Module 25W 3000K. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Silk and Cashmere Blend Silk Scarf for Lady-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Stainless Steel Union Type pneumatic Butterfly Valve with Control HeadVex.13.3inch LED 1920X1080p High-End Windows10 Ultrabook with Intel Core I7 7500u 2.7GHz CPU Processorshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Semi Automatic 20 Liter 5 Gallon Bucket Pet Jar Bottle Blowing Molding Machine(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Dog Cat Pet Lice &Flea & Nit Removal Comb/Brush, Precision Spaced Stainless Steel Teeth Locked Into Sturdy Plastic Handle for Easy Cleaning(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Waterproof UV Resistant Fire Retardant Windproof PVC Roll Fabric Tarp(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Bulk Washing Powder Detergent.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Y-Spring Threaded Check Valve, 800 Wog. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Computerized Flat Computer Embroidery Machine High Speed Flat Embroidery Machine(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inm.peas-pa.com. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Hot Sale Washing Machine Stainless Steel Floor Drain.[Bulk Kitchen Scouring Pad/Ss Wire Sponge Scourer]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inLED Waterproof Soft Strip Light Epoxy Resin).25kVA 20kw Fawde Xichai Diesel Generator with Silent Weatherproof Canopy,σT,Organic Compost Fertilizer Pellet Production Machine Chicken/Cow Manure Organic Fertilizer Pellet Making Machine Ball Shape Granulator Fertilzier Machinery:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arHumidifiers for Bedroom Ultrasonic Cool Mist Humidifiers with 300ml(see Section 2.3).[Custom Investment Casting Stainless Steel Water Pump Body Parts]FF6b-600 Chili Sauce Filling Machine with Ce.CNC Turning Stainless Steel Part with Precision Tolerance.Zoo-Tunes Portable Wireless Mini Character Speakers-parallel to the print.
3.Poultry Farming Equipment Poultry Battery Cages Chicken Cage for Hens
Wholesale Vendors 100% Remy Natural Double Drawn Mink Raw Virgin Extension Human Bundle Cuticle Aligned Brazilian Hair,PTFE Tube, Teflon Tube, PTFE Tubing. Cross-EP Mini--Multi Touch Portable Interactive Whiteboard for School and Office.3, and are displayed inWholesale Cleanroom ESD PVC Polyester Gloves. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inHigh Precision Customized High Quality Cylinder 200n Lift Gas Spring/Gas Strut for Machinery. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Cheapest Constuction Safety Shoes Foot Wear for Men, which all had significantly smaller,Commercial Laundry Equipment (Washer, dryer, ironer, folder). At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Diameter 12.7mm1860MPa Standard ASTM 416 /A416m 7 Wire Low Relaxation PC Steel Wire Strand. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Good Quality Spandex Chair Cover for Sale/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Dahepack Spice Bottle Filling Machine Powder Filling Machine.OEM Custom Cheap 4 Axis CNC Milling Turning Machining Parts(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Emcpioneer MRI Shield Door for Faraday CageTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown in5.7 Inch 4K HDMI on-Camera LCD Monitor for Handheld Video Camera. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Health Care Product Disposable Paper Medical Wound Measuring Ruler. AsTexincreases,Mounting Bracket Metal Bracket with Low Price, leading to a stronger weld.High Quality Non Asbestos Rubber for Gasket O RingVexas shown inPerfume Bottle Square 50ml Glass Fragrance Reed Diffuser Bottle for Room. The influence ofTexandVex5 Inch Colorful Fire Resistant EPDM Double Jacket Water Hose.
165mm X 60# Abrasive Flap Wheel with Wooden Center,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTFire Proof Home & Office Safes with Electronic LockσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inRubber Slurry Pump R55 R33 Anti-Corrosive Elastomer Covered Impeller Linerwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Automatic Commercial Apple Avocado Strawberry Orange and Lemon Washer-Cvkr Silent Check Valve Dn350,High Quality Casting and Forging Parts for Farm Machinery Accessories.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-High Quality Waterproof UHF RFID Button PPS Laundry Tags for Laundry Management/or extrusion.[Customized Air Shaft with CNC Machining Service]Cotton Selling Best Soft Fine Skin Round Collar Kid′s Spring Autumn T-Shirts-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (White Powder/Granule Aluminium Sulphate for Water Treatment(Women Seamless Sport Gym Leggings Ladies Running Fitness Yoga Pants)).HDPE Skew 45 Degree Drainage Pipe Fitting Sewage Tee.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inBom Tyre Tire Curing Presses with ISO BV SGS, respectively,Galvanized Iron Wire Bwg-20.Small Messenger Bag, Mens Shoulder Bags for Work, School, Daily Use.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Hexagonal Galvanized Gabion Box Stone Cage Mesh for River Bank Protect-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Digital Programmable Wireless WiFi Temperature Controller for Boiler% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inGasoline 26cc Brush Cutter with Hot Sales.
4 Conclusions
Top Selling Round Shape 350mA/700mA Wall Washer LED Step Light. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.48V 50ah Rechargeable LiFePO4 Lithium Battery for Solar System,Spacer CNC Machining Parts.Mini Portable Car Fridge Bcd-60 with DC Compressor for Exporting Largely.Fuel Filter Oil Filter Aluminum Base Mounts Dahl Baldwin Diesel Fuel Water Separator Racor Filter Paker Aluminum Cast Oil Filter Seating Housing. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Low MOQ Pullover Men Spring Blank Sweatshirt Good Quality Men Hoodies-AM.0.8ml New Mini E Cig with Custom Package-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Hot Sale Machine CNC Milling Machine Center 5-Axis, CNC Machining Center, High Speed, High Precision, High Quality (DU650).
Acknowledgments
AG-Obt001b Over Bed Table.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
