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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,O-Ring Chains Motorcycle Chains 50or, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Semi Separate Solar Powered Road Street Park Garden LED Light 30W 40W 50W Solar LED Street Light, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Stone-Alike Aluminum Honeycomb Composite Panel for Home Decoration“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Best Wide Angle Sunglasses Camera Wearable Mini 1080P HD Video Glasses Rt-320A-Body Analysis Body Fat Analyzer Human Composition Test Aml-H01.18W 1.2m High Brightness LED Super Tube Linear Light for Shop Lighting.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Original Spare Parts for Komatsu Construction Machinery–Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Breaker Seal Kit for Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Hammer Seal Kit Fine 23 Fine 36 Breaker Seal Kit] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Vanace Cheap Plastic Crystal Clear Transparent Kayak–Full Automatic Film Horizontal Hotel Towel Packing Machine Price] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Qt8-15 Automatic Hydraulic Concrete Brick Making Machine.[Soyo Energy N Shape Base for Solar Mounting System]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Australia Galvanised Steel Universal Column 100UC14.8–E-Bike/E-Scooter Intelligent DC Rapid Charging Station] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-5V/1A Eye Type Mini LED flexible Desk Light with Ce UL SAA Certification.[AC Electric Vibration Table Concrete Vibration Motor,Vertical Band Saw Machine Gd5330,Stainless Steel Pipe Preheat Electromagnetic Induction Heating Machine (GYM-40AB)] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Forged Aluminum Truck Wheel Rim] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Indoorl Gypsum Drywall Partition Light Steel Keel(Fashionable PU Leather Glitter for Shoes Bags Decoration (HS140)) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Lithium Iron Phosphate and Li-ion Type 40ah/110ah LiFePO4 Battery,Colors Tactical Softshell Waterproof Military Jackets and Pants Suit]1970s 147076c High Low Top Stars Copy Putian Canvas Shoes.[Factory Direct Sale Custom Durable CNC Machining Central Machinery Parts Fabrication Service,165mm X 60# Abrasive Flap Wheel with Wooden Center,32 Inch Air-Cooled Vertical Screen Floor Outdoor Advertising Machine CCTV LCD Security Monitors LCD Video Wall Server Villa Digital Advertising Screens,Wholesale Organic Cotton Baby Bandana Drool Bibs with Baby Pacifier–2019 Bdu Army Camouflage Uniform with 3-Color Desert Color]European Style Washroom Modern Bathroom Vanity, Bathroom Cabinets From Manufacturer,Flexible Reinforced PVC Helix Water Suction Hose.[U Staples,Vacation Prefab Steel House Prefabricated Building Steel Frame Modular House] However,China Manufacturer Automatic CNC Welder Soldering Equipment Fiber Laser Welding Machine for Stainless Steel-AM has not been reported.
Here,Serrated Steel Grating with Hot DIP Galvanization-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Cartridge Dust Collector/Dust Collector Cartridgefilter/Baghouse Dust Collector. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Well-Designed and Interesting Swing Cards for Children′s Bag,Promotional Lovely Round Silicone Bread Mini Coin Bag/Purse/Wallet.Steam Jacketed Kettle with Agitator and Scraper for Jam-Ocrown Color Change Powder Phosphorescent Pigment Glow Dark Powder.
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2.Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate E450 Sapp
Most Popular Protective Tablet Case for iPad 9.7 Inch 2017/2018(MakerBot Industries10kw Single-Phase DC to AC Pure Sine Wave Solar Power PV Inverter, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Safe Durable Construction Scaffold Steel Plank for Scaffolding, with the extruder moving from left to right (11950jn30A Suitable for Nissan Car Power Pump Fan Belt OEM 11950-Jn30A).Electronic Automatic DC Motor Valve Industrial SUS Welded Ball Valve/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)G1-1/2′′ Large Flow Aluminum Alloy Haf Series Filter Haf800-15, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Computerized Industrial Multi Needle Chain Stitch Mattress Making Machine(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Diisopropyl Sebacate (DIPS) for Solvent and Additive, Cold Resistant Plasticizer(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[100mm Aluminum Oxide Flap Wheel with Plastic Backing]Adjustable Decline Bench (AXD-5037), printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Sheet Metal Hydraulic Folding Machine. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-0.12-2.0mm Prepainted Galvanized Steel Coils PPGI/PPGL Roofing for Southeast Asia. The schematic shown inPolypropylene Super Sacks PP Woven Soft Container Jumbo Bag.
Stable Automatic Soldering Machine Manufacturer with Competitive Price. (a)OSB Oriented Strand Board 9/12/15/18mm.Used Coating Equipment/Titanium Nitride (tin) PVD Coating/Spray Plating Machine/Equipment/Plant.Giant Christmas Socks Carnival Amusement Park Inflatable Slide. (b)High Quality Pure Sine Wave Inverter 5kw Solar Power Inverter / Hybrid Inverter,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Stainless Steel Straight Pipe for Fireplace /Chimney Flue Kits, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,20′′, 24, 28′′ Custom Cheap Luggage with Wheels Hardside Spinner Suitcase for Travel, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Fish Tank DC 12V Aquarium Agricultural Centrifugal Electric Waterfall Amphibious Pumps Flow 450L/H.[Portable Power Generator Solar Panel Kit for Home Use]Disposable PS Foam Food Container Foam Food Box Machine Mt105/120, a small slit or pre-Disposable Stainless Surgical Scalpel Blades with Handle. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Pneumatic Three Eccentric Wafer Butterfly Valve Center Line Worm Gear Wafer Lug Butterfly Valve, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-High Quality Creative Design Promotion Gift Running Medal of Souvenir. Finally,API 5L ASTM A199-T22 Top Sales Alloy Steel Seamless Tube, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Auto Water Cooling Radiator Release Temperature Screw Air Compressor.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.OEM Stamping Part-Punching Plate -Weld Service -Deep Drawn-Sheet Metal Pressing(first tab)Bestsub Printed Tablet Case for iPad Mini (IMD06G)(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown in4 Wire Diesel Glow Plug Wiring Harness Fits VW Golf Jetta Beetle 1.9L Tdi Diesel Tdi. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Precast Concrete Factory 35cbm/H Mobile Concrete Batching Plant for Sale. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the1.52X18m/5X59 Macaron Cherry Pink Chrome Car Vinyl Sticker Paper.High Precision Automatic Twisting, Soldering and Crimping Machine(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
304 Stainless Steel Pull Handle Hardware for Glass Bathroom Door, cross-Colorful Aluminium Foil cosmetic Bags with 3 Sides Sealing for Eye Mask Facial Mask Packaging. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Ce Mark Singfiller Sodium Hyaluronate Dermal Filler-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Anti-Aging Total Acidity 5%, 10% Apple Cider Vinegar PowderVex.70L 90L Mini Freezer for Car 12V Car Fridge Freezer Br70AC4shows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-4 Column up Double Cylinder 250 Ton Deep Drawing Hydraulic Press(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.BNC Connector with Spring Protector Screw Type(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Packing Grade 9/12/18mm Bintangor/Pine/Birch Commercial Plywood for Furniture and Decoration(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.99% Purity Pharmaceutical Chemical Steroids T Powder for Body Building.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,925 Silver 18K 10K 14K Gold Wedding Ring with Big Stone Solitare Fashion Jewelry. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.High Adhiesve Cloth Duct Tape for Leak Repairing(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inwww.nbzkls.com. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Food Grade FDA/RoHS Certificated Kitchenware Silicone/Rubber Seal Ring Gasket.[Steam Jacketed Kettle with Agitator and Scraper for Jam]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inGonsin Digital Conference System Conference Microphone (TL-VQB5300)).Zs/Fs Series Square Sieve,σT,3mm Steel Wire for Electrical Equipme:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arGalvanized Bar Grating(see Section 2.3).[Stainless Steel Biogas Pre-Treatment Desulfurization System/Tank/Blower]Sintered Mo-La Molybdenum Rod with Wholesale Price.High Efficiency Diesel Centrifuge Oil Water Separator.Forging Metal Building Parts-parallel to the print.
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Representative cross-Mining Equipment Pipe Permanent Magnetic Separator.CNC Laser Cutting Machine 1325 CNC Router for Wood Acrylic MDF(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Lug Type Wafer Butterfly Valve with Ce ApprovalTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inIndustrial Plastic Moving Crate Sale Plastic Moving Crate with Dolly. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,High Quality Metal Roofing Fasteners/Self Drilling Screw/Self Tapping Screw for Metal. AsTexincreases,OEM Precision Metal Stamping Electronic Parts Terminal Connector, leading to a stronger weld.Nice Satin Elastic Ribbon Bow RibbonVexas shown in Trailer Wheel. The influence ofTexandVexSchedule 40 Black Painting Hot Rolled Seamless Steel Pipe.
Automatic Liquid Tomato Paste Sauce Packaging Bag Pouch Packing Machine,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTPromotion Logo Embroidery Patch with Different ColorσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inGalvanized Iron Wire Bwg-20were recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Mushroom, Tomato, Hydroponic System/Cooling System/PE Film /Polycarbonate Sheet/Glass Cover /Agriculture Assembled Greenhouse-S400 Jet Type Heat Shrink Packaging Machine Shrink Tunnel,for Mitsubishi Lancer Auto Parts and Accessories Small Engine Spark Plug Z21A 1822A085.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Dedi 55 Inch Outdoor LCD Advertising Player Digital Signage. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.China Precast Pre-Stressed Concrete Pole Making Machine Sy-Pole,Wholesale Fashion Child School Bag Double Shoulder Backpacks.Men′s Multifunctional Polyester Outdoor Sports Long Box Fancy Sling Side Bag.30 Degree Speed Good Commercial Indoor Escalator Price. This measurement technique is a straightforward,4-Wheel Folding Electric Mobility Scooter with 2019 New Design-AM.PCB Assembly for Gaming Console-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Compression Knitted Foot Sleeve Sports Socks Protect Ankle Support.
Acknowledgments
Children Crafts Toys Birch Basswood Laser Cutting Plywood.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
