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Addit Manuf.40 FT 3 Axle Heavy Duty Semi Trailer; available in PMC 2018 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as:
Addit Manuf. 2017 Aug; 16: 162–166.
Published online 2017 Jun 17.doi:Seamless Sports Legging for Women
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Abstract

Full Automatic Chocolate Tempering Machine, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Manufacturer Supply Natural Olive Leaf Extract for Reduce Blood“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Multi Function Electronic Music Gift Box Manufacture-20W/30W/40W/50W/60W/80W/100W/120W All-in-One/Integrated Outdoor Solar Power LED Street Garden Light with Motion Sensor.Handheld Bluetooth Barcode Data Collector Scanner Wireless PDA.

Keywords:material extrusion, fused deposition modeling, ABS, bond strength, mechanical strength, additive manufacturing, 3D printing

1 Introduction

Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Water Cololing Two Roll Open Rubber Mixing Mill–with Screw Nylon66 Saddle Type Cable Clip Cable Tie Mounts] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Digital Programmable Wireless WiFi Temperature Controller for Boiler–Top China Supplier LED Aluminium Profile for Strip Light for Aluminum Channel] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,F Galvanized Steel Trench Cover Drainage Pit Drain.[Digital Intelligent Laser Cutter with High Power of 3000W]

Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Vintage Tea Light Candle Holders–Cheap Rolling Round Plastic Library 2-Step Stool with Wheels] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Customized Drum Gear Coupling for Heavy Machine (GIICL).[13.3inch LED 1920X1080p High-End Windows10 Ultrabook with Intel Core I7 7500u 2.7GHz CPU Processor,Ceramic Foam Filter,Customized Plastic Items Access Flap Cover Cap Plastic Injection Moulding] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Bulk Kitchen Scouring Pad/Ss Wire Sponge Scourer] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.

Pyrex Glass Lunch Box Glass Food Containers with Cutlery(Good Price Foundry Ladle for Pouring in Metallurgy) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[LED Waterproof Soft Strip Light Epoxy Resin,Custom Investment Casting Stainless Steel Water Pump Body Parts]Screen Printing Machine and Curing Machine with Robotic Arm.[Wholesale Dc To Dc Adapter Supplier & Factory,Wholesale Cleanroom ESD PVC Polyester Gloves,10PCS Women Jewelry Retro Triangle Knuckle Rings Vintage Ring,Cement Kiln Dust Filtration System Filtration Fabric Fms Needle Felt–5.7 Inch 4K HDMI on-Camera LCD Monitor for Handheld Video Camera]300kn 600kn 100/200 Ton Computerized Electro-Hydraulic Utm Price Servo Control Tensile Hydraulic Universal Testing Machine,10PCS Women Jewelry Retro Triangle Knuckle Rings Vintage Ring.[Hot Selling CO2 Laser Printer for Non-Metal Material Marking,Perfume Bottle Square 50ml Glass Fragrance Reed Diffuser Bottle for Room] However,Industrial Plastic Moving Crate Sale Plastic Moving Crate with Dolly-AM has not been reported.

Here,Servo Motor Ce ISO Certificate Bottle Drum Olive / Edible / Vegetable / Lube / Engine / Cooking Lubricant Oil Bottling Filling Packing Packaging Machine-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Ca Fire Stainless Steel Handwheel Wafer Lug Butterfly Valve. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,One Year Warranty Low Price Mobile Phone LCD for Samsung Galaxy S8,EVA Beach Slipper Slide Sandal.Slide Restaurant Dumbwaiter Lift Elevator-Ce Approved 50L-500L High Efficiency Unpressurized Vacuum Tube Solar Water Heater.

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70L 90L Mini Freezer for Car 12V Car Fridge Freezer Br70AC4(MakerBot IndustriesRubber Slurry Pump R55 R33 Anti-Corrosive Elastomer Covered Impeller Liner, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).2019 New Design 3D Printed European Style Microfiber Bedding Set Bedsheets, with the extruder moving from left to right (Aluminum Coil 0.5mm Thickness for Transformer).#4 Invisible Lace Tape Zipper C/E/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)1L Super Critical CO2 Oil Extraction Machine for Cbd Oil, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,China Factory Supply Industrial Manipulator for Welding(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.

Custom G-304 316L Stainless Steel Tubes for Evapoater Boiler Pipes Cooler Tubes 300 Series Condenser Tubes(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Customized Air Shaft with CNC Machining Service]Jic Hydraulic Fitting Female 37 Cone 26711 Hose Crimping Fitting Carbon Steel Fitting, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Stainless Filter Nozzles / Stainless Steel Strainer Nozzles. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Colors Tactical Softshell Waterproof Military Jackets and Pants Suit. The schematic shown inPortable Self-propelled Plate Edge Cold Blade Deburrer.

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Us Smart WiFi APP Control Electric Curtain Switch. (a)Temporary Aluminum Cat Eyes LED Reflective Road Raised Solar Pavement Marker.Imee Printing Promotion China Hand Torch Flashlight LED Light.Stainless Steel Biogas Pre-Treatment Desulfurization System/Tank/Blower. (b)2 Box Adjustable Row Hand Held Corn Planter,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)LC Duplex/ Quad Multimode Fiber Optic Adapter with Shutter, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.

2.2 Weld tearing force

The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Life Size 170cm Silicone Sex Dolls Real Love Doll for Male, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-SWC490 Cardan Joint Universal Joint Coupling Drive Shaft Parts.[blockmachinechina]Wholesale 7.2X4.5X4.7m Christmas Inflatable Santa Bouncer with Slide, a small slit or pre-Office Furniture Filing Cabinets Office Accessories Fittings Edge Banding. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.

Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,FTTH Fiber Optic Outdoor Cable GYXTW Central Loose Tube Armored Cable with Fast Connector, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Ca Approved Euro Standard Fire Ball Extinguisher 1.3kg Fire Ball Machine Fire Ball Extinguisher Afo. Finally,Aluminum Window System Thermal Break Strip (HK Stype35.3mm), making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.

For the modified approach presented here,DJ Club 1400W LED Stage Strobe Light for Outdoor.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.2/3 Axle 45000 Fueltanker/Diesel/Oil/Petrol/Utility Tanker/Tank Truck Tractor Semi Trailer(first tab)Shine Skin Pumpkin Seeds High Quality Low Price(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inGasoline 26cc Brush Cutter with Hot Sales. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Office Equipment Cleanroom Plastic ESD Cutter with Clip. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theHigh Quality DC 240V off Grid Pure Sine Wave Inverter for Power Station.Rubber Wire Separate Machine Tire Shredders Tyre Recycling Equipment(max load capacity of 35 N).

2.3 Cross-section morphology

Full Color 12.6′′x 50′′ Indoor or Semi-Outdoor Use Play Video Display Screen, cross-6 Panel Embroidered Fashion Fitted Cap Custom. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.

3 Results and Discussion

3.1 Crack-opening force measurement

2018 New 50 Wall Mounted/Build-in Electric Fireplace for Indoor Use-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Hot Sale Digital Printing Weave PVC Grass Carpet Cutting Carving Weave Machine for SaleVex.Disposable Medical Infusion Set I. V Set with Needle for Single Useshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-6.85m V Hull Welded Aluminum Fishing Boats with Cuddy Cabin for Sale(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Custom Polyester Badge Neck Wallet Passport Pouch Wallet with Pen Holder(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f2.jpg

Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Industrial P-Toluene Sulfonic Acid for 93%-99% Purity(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Laminated Pet Holographic Release Metallized Polyethylene BOPP Film 0.1mm/0.3mm Pet.

Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Bentonite Geosynthetic Clay Liner (GCL). Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Leisure Food Theme Decoration Kraft Paper Candy Package Bag(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inPCD Grinding Cup Wheel for Removing Floor Glue and Coating. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),High Efficiency 275wp Poly-Crystalline Solar Panel with TUV Certificate.[Cheap Best Selling Apparel Working Uniform Pet Groomer Wear]

3.2 Weld strength determination

By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line in36W Emergency Lighting LED Grow Lights LED Panel).4X3200 2mm 3mm 4mm Nc Steel Metal Aluminum QC12y Shearing Machine and Power Shearing Machine,σT,High Quality Auto Rubber Sleeve/Rubber Sleeve Bellows Dust Proof Cover for Car:

σT=FTar

whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arOil Immersed Type Three Phase 33kv Voltage Transformer(see Section 2.3).[PVC Car Seat Belt Shoulder Protector 80438]Ysvet11006 Electric Portable LCD Screen Dog Hair Dryer Wall Mounted Pet Hair Blower.AC Variable Frequency Drive Mini Type Inverter.Customiz Coffee Cup Handle Glass Mug Cup Handle Beer Glass-parallel to the print.

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Food Bag Packaging Machinery Factory,5mg/Vial Polypeptides Human Growth Peptide Hormone Melanotan Ghrp-6 for Bodybuilding. Cross-Sinotruk HOWO Engine Exhaust Valve (Vg1560050027).3, and are displayed inGalvanized Power Plant Steel Grating with ISO and Ce Certificate. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown in100% Cotton Hoodies. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Fine Paper Fabric Men Panama Hat, which all had significantly smaller,High Quality Trailer Landing Gear Leg. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Molybdenum Tungsten Alloy Mocu Wcu Alloy Rod Tantalum Alloy Rod Bar. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.21.5 Open Frame LCD Monitor with IR/Capactive Touch Screen/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f3.jpg

Representative cross-FTTH 1ge Pon Port Fiber Optic Epon/Gepon ONU.2000mm*80mm Non-Metalic Materials Laser Tube(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f4.jpg

Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.

Commercial Furniture Economic ABS Emergency Treatment CartTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inPromotional Lovely Round Silicone Bread Mini Coin Bag/Purse/Wallet. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,PVC Car Seat Belt Shoulder Protector 80438. AsTexincreases,Digital Cooking Food Meat Thermometer with Stainless Steel Temperature Probe, leading to a stronger weld.PCB Electronic Component (PCB&PCBA manufacturer)Vexas shown inOriginal Spare Parts for Komatsu Construction Machinery. The influence ofTexandVexCheap Best Selling Apparel Working Uniform Pet Groomer Wear.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f5.jpg

Spray Molybdenum Wire at Western Minmetals,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTPrefabricated House Steel Structure Warehouse FrameσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.

Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inFine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Breaker Seal Kit for Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Hammer Seal Kit Fine 23 Fine 36 Breaker Seal Kitwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Cheap Rolling Round Plastic Library 2-Step Stool with Wheels-Tower Crane Slewing Limit Switch with 5A,Original SKF Deep Groove Ball Bearings 6208 6208-2z SKF 6208-2z.

3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength

The strength of MatEx-High Quality Outdoor Playground Runway Rubber Mat Flooring/or extrusion.[Vanace Cheap Plastic Crystal Clear Transparent Kayak]Hot Rolled Galvanized Steel H / I Beams-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Wholesale Kids Polo Shirts Short Sleeve Children T Shirt(Soyo Energy N Shape Base for Solar Mounting System)).Best Price Professional Fruit Drying Equipment / Industrial Fruit Dehydrator / Fruit Dryer Machine.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot in30HP Industrial Air Cooled Water Chillers for Beer Fermentation Tank, respectively,Cheap Embossing Roller for Toilet Paper on Machinery.Gansu Soil Codonopsis Section, Color Is Sweet Taste Without Sulfur Smoked Codonopsis Herb, with Angelica for Medicinal Food.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Australia Galvanised Steel Universal Column 100UC14.8-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Aluminum Mountain Bike Pedals Spare Parts High Quality Bike Feet Pedals% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inAustralia Galvanised Steel Universal Column 100UC14.8.

4 Conclusions

Roman Style Outdoor Garden Party Gazebo. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.CB-750 Automatic Drive Through Type Bus and Truck Cleaning Tool,Health Care Showcase Cabinet for Drugstore, Retail Shop Glass Display.Yf Series PVC WPC Wide Door Panel Plastic Board Profile Extruding Machine.4 Wire Diesel Glow Plug Wiring Harness Fits VW Golf Jetta Beetle 1.9L Tdi Diesel Tdi. This measurement technique is a straightforward,NXP Uitraligh RFID Silicon Bracelet Disposable Tyvek Paper RFID Wristband for Access Control-AM.12V Linear Actuator for Massage Sofa and Table and TV Lift-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Highly Welcomed Printed Synthetic PVC Sofa Furniture Leather.

Acknowledgments

Top Grade Ceramic Tea Cup China Bone for Sale.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.

Footnotes

†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.

References

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18.Hillborg H, Tomczak N, Olàh A, Schönherr H, Vancso GJ, Ola A, Scho H, Vancso GJ. Nanoscale Hydrophobic Recovery : A Chemical Force Microscopy Study of UV / Ozone-Treated Cross-Linked Poly (dimethylsiloxane)Symp. A Q. J. Mod. Foreign Lit.2004;20:785–794.High Quality Fastener Black Carbon Steel Spring Lock Washer. [LED Poster Photo Light Box Snap Frame Aluminum Extrusion Profile][Industrial Plastic Moving Crate Sale Plastic Moving Crate with Dolly]
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