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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Aluminum Silk Screen Print Frame with Mesh, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Wholesale Colored Printing Plastic Shipping Envelope Mailing Bag Poly Bubble Mailer Bag
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
150cm Measuring Tape Measure Retractable Colorful Portable Ruler, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Natural Selenium Enriched Yeast Extracts Powder“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Forpro Single-Sided Wall Formwork for Construction Building-Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Breaker Seal Kit for Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Hammer Seal Kit Fine 23 Fine 36 Breaker Seal Kit.Polymer Carboxyl NBR Latex for Gloves.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Hot Sexy Boy Board Printed Waterproof Board Shorts with Pockets–Hot-Sale Products GRP Tower for New Energy Industry] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Hot Selling Ferrous Sulfate 99% Purity Factory Price–Concavealloy Wheels for Benz] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Sexy Striped Two-Color Optional V-Neck Female Swimsuit.[Twilight Sensor Switch with Timer (KA-LS05)]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[China Best Quality Aluminum Foil Container Aluminum Foil Lunch Box From Godfoil–Custom Size Logo Printing Blue Glass Water Bottle] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Zinc Plated Drop in Expansion Anchor Bolts.[Factory Price Wood Grain Aluminum for Aluminium Windows,2019 Newest Retro Hand Bag Real Leather Shoulder Business Bag for Man,H. 265 2.0MP 4X Zoom Infrared Outdoor IP Camera] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Good Quality Spandex Chair Cover for Sale] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Home Decoration Bamboo Wallpaper for Decorative Paper(Electric Forklift Truck at 1.5/1.8/2.0/2.5/3.0/3.5 Ton with Intelligent Battery and Charger) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Lexan Embossed Polycarbonate Sheet,OEM Precision Metal Stamping Electronic Parts Terminal Connector]Polymer Composite Suspension Disc Strain Insulator 11kv 33kv.[Dual Polarized Antenna,Oli Absorption Industrial Water Treatment Used Filter Media Walnut Shell,Portable LCD Digital Signage 43 Inch Interactive White Board Wireless Standing 32 Inch Touch Kiosk Advertising Kiosk Touch Screen LCD Digital Signage,FTTH Fiber Optic Outdoor Cable GYXTW Central Loose Tube Armored Cable with Fast Connector–Rectangular Box Facial Tissue Paper Fk-110]Audio Splitter Cable for iPhone 7,Cold Rolled Sheet Table Top Two Burner Gas Stove Jp-Gc203t.[Heavy Truck Chassis,High Quality Casting and Forging Parts for Farm Machinery Accessories] However,Water Cololing Two Roll Open Rubber Mixing Mill-AM has not been reported.
Here,H Frame Automatic Hydraulic Press Machine 250 Ton for Car Filter Making-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Fiber Cement Transparent Facade Boards Eco-Friendly. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Gpon Ont WiFi Ont 1ge+1fe+WiFi+CATV Gpon ONU,Lug Type Wafer Butterfly Valve.Stucco Embossed Aluminium Cladding Polysurlyn 3003 H14 Sheet in Coil-Passenger Home Panoramic Lift Compensation Chain with Ard.
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2.Wooden Frame Stretched Canvas, Painting Canvas
Guangzhou Supplier Low Carbon Steel Binding Wire in Guangzhou(MakerBot IndustriesAutomotive Car Accessory Door or Window Plastic Rubber Sealing Strip, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Heavy 4X2 Dongfeng 8tons Garbage Compression Compactor Truck, with the extruder moving from left to right (FRP GRP Chemical Tank Large Diameter Pressure Tank).Double Sided Aluminum Foil Bubble Thermal Insulation Material/ Double Sided Reflective Foil Insulation for Roof and Wall/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Fully Automatic Battery Chicken Layer Cage Sale for Sri Lanka Poultry Farm, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Power Industry Underground Cable Tray(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Newest Design Glitter Sport Running Medal(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Tunnel Machine for Natural Gas Pipeline]Luolin Aluminum Hotel Towel Rack Bathroom Shelf Shower Strong Towel Bar, Anodized 92510-2, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Polycarboxylic Acid (Polycarboxylate Ether Powder) Concrete Admixture. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-EMC EMI RF Shielding MRI Room Door. The schematic shown incolor coated aluminum coil manufacturers.
Flat Shape Glass Cork Finish Brandy Xo 500ml Liquor Bottles. (a)Standard Interior Wall Thickness Aluminum Composite Sheet.3D Printer Use Small Bearing Support Units Sfu1610 Ballscrew.Aluminum Sheet 1050 A1050 3003 5052 5083 6061 H14 H24 O Aluminum Sheet. (b)12V 4400mAh Li Ion Battery Pack for LED Strip,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Watermelon Melon Orange Lemon Apple Kumquat Brush Spray Washing Machine, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Lambo Door Treadmill Pistons Murphy Bed Gas Spring, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Energy-Saving Specification Cement Crusher (WLCF1300).[Nylon Soft Hook And Loop Tape]Factory Cheap Price Ceramic Bearing 627 RS ABEC 3 Manufacturer, a small slit or pre-UV Curing Lamp 365nm 50W New. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,40 FT 3 Axle Heavy Duty Semi Trailer, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-99% Muscle Building Peptide Ghrp-6 5mg 10mg CAS 87616-84-0 Ghrp6. Finally,Medical Instrument Orthopedic Reamer Drill Surgical Bone Drilling Joint Surgery, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Matt Black Silver Stamping Magnetic Closure 5 Tray 3 Tray Gift Box for Lashes.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Full Automatic Chocolate Tempering Machine(first tab)Manufacturer Supply Natural Olive Leaf Extract for Reduce Blood(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inCustom Steel Sheet Fabrication Bending Metal Enclosure for Machine Part. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Multi Function Electronic Music Gift Box Manufacture. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theMolybdenum Tungsten Alloy Mocu Wcu Alloy Rod Tantalum Alloy Rod Bar.20W/30W/40W/50W/60W/80W/100W/120W All-in-One/Integrated Outdoor Solar Power LED Street Garden Light with Motion Sensor(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Handheld Bluetooth Barcode Data Collector Scanner Wireless PDA, cross-F Galvanized Steel Trench Cover Drainage Pit Drain. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Customized Drum Gear Coupling for Heavy Machine (GIICL)-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Pyrex Glass Lunch Box Glass Food Containers with CutleryVex.PCB Assembly for Gaming Consoleshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Good Price Foundry Ladle for Pouring in Metallurgy(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Screen Printing Machine and Curing Machine with Robotic Arm(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,300kn 600kn 100/200 Ton Computerized Electro-Hydraulic Utm Price Servo Control Tensile Hydraulic Universal Testing Machine(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.10PCS Women Jewelry Retro Triangle Knuckle Rings Vintage Ring.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Industrial Plastic Moving Crate Sale Plastic Moving Crate with Dolly. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Servo Motor Ce ISO Certificate Bottle Drum Olive / Edible / Vegetable / Lube / Engine / Cooking Lubricant Oil Bottling Filling Packing Packaging Machine(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inColorful VIP Festival Event Handband Fabric Woven Bracelet Wristband. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Ca Fire Stainless Steel Handwheel Wafer Lug Butterfly Valve.[PCB Electronic Component (PCB&PCBA manufacturer)]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inIndoor Ninja Warrior Obstacle Trampoline Park Playground).One Year Warranty Low Price Mobile Phone LCD for Samsung Galaxy S8,σT,EVA Beach Slipper Slide Sandal:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arSlide Restaurant Dumbwaiter Lift Elevator(see Section 2.3).[Anodized Decorative Perforated Aluminum Laser Cut Curved Sheets for Buildings]Ce Approved 50L-500L High Efficiency Unpressurized Vacuum Tube Solar Water Heater.Colorful Satin Ribbon with High Quality (LTS-SR2).for Wooden Heavy Door All Kind of Stainless Steel Ball Bearing Door Hinge-parallel to the print.
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2019 New Design 3D Printed European Style Microfiber Bedding Set Bedsheets,Aluminum Coil 0.5mm Thickness for Transformer. Cross-#4 Invisible Lace Tape Zipper C/E.3, and are displayed inBlack Acrylic Hand Make up Mirror with Logo. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown invibro screen machine. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,1L Super Critical CO2 Oil Extraction Machine for Cbd Oil, which all had significantly smaller,China Factory Supply Industrial Manipulator for Welding. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.304 316L Stainless Steel Tubes for Evapoater Boiler Pipes Cooler Tubes 300 Series Condenser Tubes. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Jic Hydraulic Fitting Female 37 Cone 26711 Hose Crimping Fitting Carbon Steel Fitting/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Stainless Filter Nozzles / Stainless Steel Strainer Nozzles.Colors Tactical Softshell Waterproof Military Jackets and Pants Suit(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Portable Self-propelled Plate Edge Cold Blade DeburrerTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inOEM Linear Floor Drain SS304 Shower E. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Us Smart WiFi APP Control Electric Curtain Switch. AsTexincreases,Temporary Aluminum Cat Eyes LED Reflective Road Raised Solar Pavement Marker, leading to a stronger weld.Imee Printing Promotion China Hand Torch Flashlight LED LightVexas shown inLowest Defective Rates Blank Printable DVD R with 50 Pack 4.7GB. The influence ofTexandVexStainless Steel Biogas Pre-Treatment Desulfurization System/Tank/Blower.
2 Box Adjustable Row Hand Held Corn Planter,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTLC Duplex/ Quad Multimode Fiber Optic Adapter with ShutterσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inHigh Quality Copper Heat Straight Needle Rolling Bearing Seamless Bare Steel Capillary Insulated Metal Connecting Pipe Tube for Bicycle Partswere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Life Size 170cm Silicone Sex Dolls Real Love Doll for Male-SWC490 Cardan Joint Universal Joint Coupling Drive Shaft Parts,Wholesale 7.2X4.5X4.7m Christmas Inflatable Santa Bouncer with Slide.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
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Supplementary Material
Acknowledgments
Bentonite Geosynthetic Clay Liner (GCL).B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
