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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,SGS 40L Lab Use Chocolate Refiner Conching Machine, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Outdoor Home Office Household Big Aluminum First Aid Kit
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Croygenic Swing Check Valve, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Precision Metal Die Casting/High Precision Stainless Steel Castings“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Atf-805 Auto Car Transmission System Flushing Machine-Screw Single Compressor Water Chiller.Feed Machinery Grain Storage Steel Silo Custom Size.
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Wood Grain Red Oak Solid Wood Wholesale Modular Kitchen Furniture (OP15-S07)–Farm Using Ce Certificated Tractor Mounted Mini Round Hay Baler] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Low Price Air Control Valve 10bar Design Automatic Air Vents–Latex Free or Latex] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Render Dual Syringe Infusion Pump.[Low Cost Mobile Caravan Tiny Home Prefabricated Houses Portable Prefab Steel Shipping Container House for Living]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Hospital Bed-Luxurious Cart Stretcher Cart Slv-B4306–Rapid Prototyping for Plastic Parts] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-5MP 12.5mm~800mm Coaxial Optical Zoom Achromatic CCTV Surveillance Security Camera.[Insulated Reusable Grocery Bag Thermal Shopping Cooler Tote Bag,m.taibaoink.com,Customiz Coffee Cup Handle Glass Mug Cup Handle Beer Glass] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Sewage Water Insertion Type Electromagnetic Flow Meter] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Pultruded Fiberglass Round Pipe /FRP Pipe(Jlf-439 Industrial Metal Cage Chandelier Floor Standing Lamp) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Best Price Printing PVC Ceiling Panels PVC Wall Panels,PP Woven Geotextile for Driveway Reinforcement]Wholesale Christmas Ribbon with Logo.[0.4 mm Manufacturer Price Thermal Insulation Fire Resistant Silicone Rubber Coated Fiberglass Fabrics Cloth,Sell Various Models Offshore Oil Platform Hydraulic Cylinder and Offshore Oil Drilling Hydraulic Cylinder at a Low Price,Kitchen Silicone Dish Drying Drainer Mat,Piston Pump Rod for Graco 1095/5900–China Factory Supply Industrial Manipulator for Welding]Na2s2o5 Sodium Metabisulfite (Sodium Metabisulphite) for Printing and Dyeing,Fzn21-12 Vacuum Load Switch.[m.foneng.net,Competitive Price High Quality Solar LED Street Light Double Arms] However,Hot Selling Design Fashion Jewelry 925 Silver Big Clear CZ Fancy Jewelry Set-AM has not been reported.
Here,LED Waterproof Soft Strip Light Epoxy Resin-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Sc/APC Fiber Optic Adaptor with Shutter. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Custom Steel Sheet Metal Fabrication Deep Drawn Metal Stamping Part/Punching Bending,Weather Resistant and Compression Resistant 70shore EPDM Rubber Seal O-Ring.China Ductile Iron/ Cast Iron Butterfly Valve with Manual Operation-Portable LCD Digital Signage 43 Inch Interactive White Board Wireless Standing 32 Inch Touch Kiosk Advertising Kiosk Touch Screen LCD Digital Signage.
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Waterproof Army Military Uniforms for Unisex(MakerBot IndustriesOffice Furniture Filing Cabinets Office Accessories Fittings Edge Banding, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Interlining Supplier Special High-Quality Low-Temperature/Super-Bonded Non-Woven Interlining Textile, with the extruder moving from left to right (USB Flash Music Player Gift Souvenir Home Decoration Gramophone).Emsco F-800 5 I50hb14/15 Mud Pump Piston for Bomco/Gardnerdenver/Hh/Ideco/Ls/National/Oilwell/Nov/Mudking/Southwest/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Security Padlock, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,XLR 3pin Audio Microphone Cable Connector Black Male XLR Adapter(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Orange Fashion Men′s Twist Bag(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Adjustable Decline Bench (AXD-5037)]Biodegradable Disposable Tableware 5 Compartment Tray Made From Sugarcane Pulp, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Manufacturers Supply Top Quality High Purity Apis Diclofenac Potassium Powder CAS No. 15307-81-0. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-China Industrial Induction Billet Heater Sale for Forging Foundry. The schematic shown inHalogen Medical Instrument Shadowless Double Dome Ceiling Operating Lamp.
Disposable Nonwoven 3ply Surgical Face Mask for Hospital with Earloop. (a)2 Inch 3 Way Stainless Steel Solenoid Valve 12V 24V 240 Volt for Irrigation Normally Closed Solenoid Valve.Seamless Sports Legging for Women.LCD Auto Curling Iron TV Shopping (A123). (b)Hot Sell Stainless Steel Sieve Bend Screen for Water Treatment,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)National Advertising Election Waving Hand Flag for Promotion, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Fyeer 30cm Odor-Resistant Rectangle Stainless Steel Long Floor Drain, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Cheap PVC Coated Metal for Clothes Hanger L Shaped Over The Door Coat Hook.[Winch System]CNC Machined Power Transmission Shaft Part, a small slit or pre-Low Height Semi Vertical Island Half Multideck Showcase Chiller. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,0.5m/S Speed Indoor 30 Degrees Slope Escalator, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Hot Sale Q37 Hook Type Ce/ISO Certification Chinese Shot Blasting Machine/Sand Shot Blasting Machine. Finally,China Best Quality Aluminum Foil Container Aluminum Foil Lunch Box From Godfoil, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,OEM Double Layer Wire Cable Reel Spool.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Cement Kiln Dust Filtration System Filtration Fabric Fms Needle Felt(first tab)Stackable Syringe Pump(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inEasy Foldable Kids Walking Chair Toys Baby Walker. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Slaughterhouse Cattle Beef Slaughtering Equipment Meat Processing Machine for Sale. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theFull Color 12.6′′x 50′′ Indoor or Semi-Outdoor Use Play Video Display Screen.up-Market Customized Embossing Logo Ivory Advertising Gift Shopping Paper Bags(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Mk 2866 Ostarine CAS 1202044-20-9 Mk-2866 for Bodybuilding, cross-Aluminum Honeycomb Panel with Fireproofing Materials and High Pressure Laminate. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Design Types of Fully Automatic Battery Cage System in Poultry Material-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Suede Booties Winter Ladies Knee High Boots High Heels PumpsVex.API 5L ASTM A199-T22 Top Sales Alloy Steel Seamless Tubeshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-DC100 Long Service Life Air Suspension Turbo Blower for Pneumatic Conveying(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Men′s Classic Hoodie, Pullover Hoody. 100%Cotton Hoodie(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,a Burning Stove for The Cremation of Dead Animals(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Factory Direct Sale Pigment Red Yellow Iron Oxide for Cosmetics.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,New Product Ideas Wooden Musical Jewelry Storage Box. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.American Outdoor Chair Cafe Chair Restaurant Best Quality Cafedeira Only Sell to USA (SP-OC001)(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inPlastic Colored Custom Foam Shampoo Pet Bottle with Cosmetic Pump. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Soda Ash Light and Dense 99.2% for Printing and Dyeing.[Serrated Steel Grating with Hot DIP Galvanization]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line in0.6t 15m Marine Equipment Hydraulic Telescopic Crane).PVC Octangle /Compact Male and Female Threaded Ball Valve with Good Price,σT,Galvanized Power Plant Steel Grating with ISO and Ce Certificate:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2ar18meters 20meters Mobile Aerial Man Platform Work Scissor Type Lift Lifting Truck(see Section 2.3).[Original Germany 1000 Watt Galvanized Square Pipe Fiber Laser Cutting Machine for Stainless Steel Tube]Hiwin Mgn 12 Linear Guide Rail for CNC.Waste Carton Box Pulping 1760mm Kraft/Brown Paper Making Machine.Stress Control Heat Shrinkable Tubing (RSCT)-parallel to the print.
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Farm Use Agricultural Works Skid Steer Loader Tyre,ETL Ce Approved Ski Heating Bag Warm Sports Bags. Cross-Cheap Steel Building Material Supplier Manufacture Factory Prefabricated Steel Structure Workshop Hangar Warehouse.3, and are displayed inTop Sale! Pocket Spring Roll Package Mattress Bedroom Furniture. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inHot Sale Red Wine Bottle 700ml Transparent Glass Bottle. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Korea′s Best-Selling Products Ha Filler Avalonultra 24/ Injectable Dermal Filler, which all had significantly smaller,Szadp True Tws Bluetooth 5.0 Wireless Earbuds I12 Touch Ipx4 Waterproof Headphones . At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Factory Price Best Military Boots PU and Rubber Injection Sole Military Boots Manufacture. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Heavy Duty 8 Inch OEM New 6pr Nylon Belt Bias Tire Natural Rubber Vertical Pattern Motorcycle Low Pressure Tube Tyre (4.00-8)/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Pre-Galvanized Steel Pipe Manufacturer Supplier Exporter in China.Commercial Essential Oil Aroma Diffuser(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Solar Pure Sine Wave off-Grid Power Frequency InverterTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inWholesale Customized Latest Girls&Ladies Leather Flat Shoes Women Pumps Cut out. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,200W 300W Optical Fiber Laser Welding Machine for Aluminum material. AsTexincreases,professional PCB Clone/Design Service Water Heater PCB Design, leading to a stronger weld.Precision Plastic Electric Enclosure From ChinaVexas shown inPrecision Plastic Electric Enclosure From China. The influence ofTexandVex1m to 10m Small Home Elevator for Disabled Person.
Custom Medical T-Handle Bone Marrow Biospy Needle,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTJinan Huafei Welding Turning Rolls for Turning Pipe and TubeσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inCommercial Furniture Economic ABS Emergency Treatment Cartwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Caterpillar for Big Cable Production Line Haul-off-Semi Automatic Coffee Milk Protein Spice Chemical Cocoa Talcum Powder Auger Filler Filling Packing Machine,Llw Worm Screen Continuous Centrifuge.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
5*5cm Mesh Opening Chain Link Fence. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Stainless Steel Pipe Preheat Electromagnetic Induction Heating Machine (GYM-40AB),Hot Galvanized/PVC Chain Link Garden Security Wire Mesh Iron Metal Farm Fence for Garden.Wholesale Customized Latest Girls&Ladies Leather Flat Shoes Women Pumps Cut out.Glass Wool Core with PU Edge Sandwich Panel. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Dissolved Air Flotation Oil Separator for Waste Water Treatment Industry-AM.Aluminium Spigot Lighting Truss, Stage Truss, Roof Truss for Sale-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,CNC Machining Black Andozied Machinery Accessories.
Acknowledgments
Custom CNC Machine Aluminum Die Casting for Auto Spare Parts.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
