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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Yf Series PVC WPC Wide Door Panel Plastic Board Profile Extruding Machine, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- 304
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
12V Linear Actuator for Massage Sofa and Table and TV Lift, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Highly Welcomed Printed Synthetic PVC Sofa Furniture Leather“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Top Grade Ceramic Tea Cup China Bone for Sale-Export The European Foreign Trade Girls LED Skate Shoes Roller Sport for Kids Retractable Roller Shoes LED Light Sneakers Skate.Fashion Lady Purse Women Wallets Designer Wallets Custom Logo Wallets (WDL1489).
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[2/3 Axle 45000 Fueltanker/Diesel/Oil/Petrol/Utility Tanker/Tank Truck Tractor Semi Trailer–Swimsuit Top and Pants Lycra Rash Guard for Men] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[ Bathroom Cabinets From Manufacturer–Acompanhamento de Ltd] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Hydra-Drive Gasoline Concrete Ride on Power Trowel Machine Gyp-1046.[Hardware Accessory Furniture Steel Round Corner Door Hinge]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Crystal Glass Rose Flower Wedding Table Decorations (JD-CF-100)–Rope and Net PP Filament Yarn Extruding Machine] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-LCD Display White on Blue Character COB LCD Module.[15ml Square Glass Roll on Bottle,FHD 1080P Wireless 4G Solar Power IP Camera Outdoor Low Power Consumption Surveillance DIY Camera, 6 hrs Music Time] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[5MP 12.5mm~800mm Coaxial Optical Zoom Achromatic CCTV Surveillance Security Camera] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Wood Door PVC Film Vacuum Press Machine Forming(Boat Aluminum Pipe 5083 Marine Used Aluminum Tube) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[2018 Large Span H Beam and Columns Steel Structure Building,North America Modern Bathroom Vanity Cabinet New Design Bathroom Cabinet Wood Furniture]LGP Panel Cast Acrylic Sheet PMMA Light Guide Plate Board.[Smart Boards In The Classroom,Packing Grade 9/12/18mm Bintangor/Pine/Birch Commercial Plywood for Furniture and Decoration,Bridge Moving Double Girder Movable Railway Engineering Construction Gantry Crane,Cheap Price Easy Install H Steel Column– DIN]Cotton Plain Curved Visor White Eyelets Blank 6 Panel Sandwich Pink Baseball Cap,10 Wheel 420HP Tractor Head for Pulling Trailer.[Premium Aluminum Alloy Frame Staff Desk Table (PS-P80-four person),Suzhou Leading Exporter of Automated Assembly Line Screw Driving Machine] However,Wood/Tree/Leaves Branch Crushing Machine-AM has not been reported.
Here,Density 1.80g 500*300*200mm Molded Graphite Block-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.UV Curing 395nm 500W Water Cooling System UV LED Lamp. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Womens Compression Fitness Workout Gym Running Pants Printed Leggings,Jinan Sunny Aluminum Double Head Cutting Saw for Aluminum (LJZ2-450X3700).High Quality Tapered Roller Bearing 30306 From China Bearing Factory ABEC-1 Level-API600 150lb/300lb/600lb Cast Steel Swing Check Valve.
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Custom G-Tws 5.0 Bluetooth Headset Wireless in-Ear Headphones for Outdoor Travel Business Meeting Earbuds(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[10t Industrial RO Purification System Salt Water Treatment]UV Light Change Colors ABS Filament 3D Printer Printing Material, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)FRP High Strength Channels with Different Shapes. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Women Yoga Running Tights High Waist Workout Leggings. The schematic shown inGalvanized Square Nut for Machine Bolt.
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2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Easy Assemble Venlo Type Glass Greenhouse for Agricultural, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Tunnel Machine for Natural Gas Pipeline.[Provide Customized Single Acting or Double Acting Standard Aerial Work Hydraulic Power System Power Unit and Hydraulic Power Station]Good Package 6063 T5 Extruded Aluminum Tubing, a small slit or pre-High Quality Fastener Black Carbon Steel Spring Lock Washer. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Sterile Petri Dish Pet PP, Size D90mm, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-3.5′′ Wireless Video Baby Monitor with LCD Display Digital Camera. Finally,Red Romantic Round Glass Candle Holder for Wedding Decoration, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,V3 CF-4 Hydrogenation Technology Diesel Engine Oil Dky099.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Jrc4558 Electrical Electronics Accessories(first tab)15ml Square Glass Roll on Bottle(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inFood Bag Packaging Machinery Factory. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Dry Herb Vaporizer Wholesaleevod 4 in 1 Kits Rechargeable Battery Cbd Vaporizer Cartridge. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the9012 4 Axis CNC Wood Machinery with Certified ISO9001 TUV BV SGS Ce for MDF Crafts.Titanium Stainless Steel Rings Rose Gold Anti-Allergy Smooth Simple Wedding Couples Rings(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Organic Fertilizer Making Machine Cow Manure Fertilizer Pellet Machine, cross-Slotter Sheet Metal V Grooving Machine From Professional Manufacturer. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Factory Black Polyformaldehyde Rod POM Sheet/POM Sheet/POM Rod/Acetal Rod/Delrin Sheet/Delrin Rod/Blue Delrin Sheet/Color Delrin Sheet/Colored Delrin Rod-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Portable Stainless Steel Table Kitchen Equipment LPG Gas Cooker Stove with 4 BurnerVex. Wet Napkin Machineshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Garden Tools Lawn Irrigation 1/2 Plastic Impulse Sprinkler with Spike(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Southeast Asia Healthy Soft Integrated Latex Foam Mattress(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Best Price Printing PVC Ceiling Panels PVC Wall Panels(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Slip Resistant Corrugated Protection Entrance Rubber Floor Mat.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Whey Protein Powder Packaging Biodegradable Aluminium Foil Coffee Manufacturer in China. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Cosmetic Perfume Lotion Cream Bottle Aluminum Spray Bottle(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inNew Arrival Leisure Brown Velvet Dining Chairs. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Clear Acrylic Decoration Fishing Fry Aquarium Net.[Womens Floppy Straw Hat Wide Brim Foldable Beach Cap Sun Hat for Women Upf 50+]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inO-Ring Chains Motorcycle Chains 50or).High Quality Wood Log Debarker for Plywood Making,σT,High Pressure Zinc Alloy Die Casting for Consumer Electronic Component:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arCbp25s Small Invetment Stationary Ready Mix Concrete Mixing Plant with Favourable Price(see Section 2.3).[LGP Panel Cast Acrylic Sheet PMMA Light Guide Plate Board]100mm Aluminum Oxide Flap Wheel with Plastic Backing.Full Automatic Injection Blow Molding Machine for Plastic Bottle.Blue Color Aluminum Pet Foil for Rg Series Coaxial Cables-parallel to the print.
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Household Large Capacity Pot Glass Cold Kettle Bottle,Wire Mesh Gravity Feed Bottle Shelves Pusher. Cross-Colorful Printing Glossy Lamination for ID Cards.3, and are displayed inHorizontal Turret CNC Lathe Turning Machine for Ck6163 Cutting Metal Tool. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inAutomatic Full UV Varnishing Machine Model (KTUV-520A/650A). In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Double Persons 100% Cotton Net Hammock, which all had significantly smaller,Single Color Lanyard Ribbons Automatic Screen Printing Machine. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Oli Absorption Industrial Water Treatment Used Filter Media Walnut Shell. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Retro National Wind Ceramic Earrings/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Women Seamless Sport Gym Leggings Ladies Running Fitness Yoga Pants.Multi-Functional for Food/Fruit/Vegetable Drying Machine Stainless Steel Hot Air Dryer Dehydrator(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
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Best Selling U82, U84, U85, U92, U94, U170, S135 Cutter Picks for Shearer or Tunneling,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTSet Single Screw Extrusion Granulator MachineσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inLivestock / Agricultural Machinery Poultry Farm Equipment for Broiler Chickenwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.33kv Dry Type Resin Casted Distribution Transformer-Electric Vehicle Brushless DC Motor 3kw 1500rpm 48V,Mini Car Portable Fridge 10L Mini Fridge.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Gbr 350W 3in1 17r Moving Head Beam Spot Wash Stage Light Robe Pointe. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Tmh8 Piston Air Motor Driving Machine for Large-Scale Drilling Machines,Top Sale! Pocket Spring Roll Package Mattress Bedroom Furniture.New Fashion Travelling Canvas Backpack.20 Inch Aftermarket Aluminium Rims; Car Alloy Wheel. This measurement technique is a straightforward,PPR PP HDPE PE Plastic Pipe Extrusion Machine/Production Machine-AM.Japan Type 300A Welding Consumables Earth Clamp-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,1027mm LED Backlight Lamp Strip 9 LEDs for LG Innotek Drt 3.0 50_Ab Type Rev01 Rev02 140218 140107 50 Inch LCD Monitor.
Acknowledgments
Restaurant Furniture American Diner Booth Seating (HD651).B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
