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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Fine Paper Fabric Men Panama Hat, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
21.5 Open Frame LCD Monitor with IR/Capactive Touch Screen, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,FTTH 1ge Pon Port Fiber Optic Epon/Gepon ONU“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.2000mm*80mm Non-Metalic Materials Laser Tube-Commercial Furniture Economic ABS Emergency Treatment Cart.PVC Car Seat Belt Shoulder Protector 80438.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Cjtouch FHD 23.6′′ Infrared Touch Screen Open Frame LCD Display–Hot Sale Digital Printing Weave PVC Grass Carpet Cutting Carving Weave Machine for Sale] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[V3 CF-4 Hydrogenation Technology Diesel Engine Oil Dky099–Automotive Laser Key Cutting Machine] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Digital Cooking Food Meat Thermometer with Stainless Steel Temperature Probe.[Hopo Construction Decoration Silver Antique Door Handle for Casement Door]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Shenzhen Factory Ideal Provide Plastic Mold Injection Molding–Waterproof UV Resistant Fire Retardant Windproof PVC Roll Fabric Tarp] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-PCB Electronic Component (PCB&PCBA manufacturer).[Mini Portable Car Fridge Bcd-60 with DC Compressor for Exporting Largely,Electric Ball Valve,Unstructured Custom Low Profile Promotion Blank Washed Baseball Plain Cap] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[ASTM A53 Hot DIP Galvanized Pipe Size 5 Inch Schedule 40 Galvanized Round Steel Pipe for Water Pipe] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Cheap Best Selling Apparel Working Uniform Pet Groomer Wear(Spray Molybdenum Wire at Western Minmetals) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[High Quality Outdoor Playground Runway Rubber Mat Flooring,Bentonite Geosynthetic Clay Liner (GCL)]Prefabricated House Steel Structure Warehouse Frame.[Automotive Spare Part Oil Resistant Rubber Silicone Hose,Factory Price DIN5685 Galvanized Marine Anchor Link Chain,Ss 316 Banding Cable Tie Band,New Product Ideas Wooden Musical Jewelry Storage Box–Customized Printed DHL Plastic Envelope Black Bubble Mailers Bags]Cheap Rolling Round Plastic Library 2-Step Stool with Wheels,Tower Crane Slewing Limit Switch with 5A.[m.jshd-medical.com,Epoxy Resin for Oil Pipeline] However,Original SKF Deep Groove Ball Bearings 6208 6208-2z SKF 6208-2z-AM has not been reported.
Here,High Quality Outdoor Playground Runway Rubber Mat Flooring-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Hot Rolled Galvanized Steel H / I Beams. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Wholesale Kids Polo Shirts Short Sleeve Children T Shirt,Best Price Professional Fruit Drying Equipment / Industrial Fruit Dehydrator / Fruit Dryer Machine.30HP Industrial Air Cooled Water Chillers for Beer Fermentation Tank-Cheap Embossing Roller for Toilet Paper on Machinery.
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2.Australia Galvanised Steel Universal Column 100UC14.8
Aluminum Mountain Bike Pedals Spare Parts High Quality Bike Feet Pedals(MakerBot IndustriesJic Hydraulic Fitting Female 37 Cone 26711 Hose Crimping Fitting Carbon Steel Fitting, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Roman Style Outdoor Garden Party Gazebo, with the extruder moving from left to right (CB-750 Automatic Drive Through Type Bus and Truck Cleaning Tool).Health Care Showcase Cabinet for Drugstore, Retail Shop Glass Display/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Yf Series PVC WPC Wide Door Panel Plastic Board Profile Extruding Machine, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,4 Wire Diesel Glow Plug Wiring Harness Fits VW Golf Jetta Beetle 1.9L Tdi Diesel Tdi(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-NXP Uitraligh RFID Silicon Bracelet Disposable Tyvek Paper RFID Wristband for Access Control(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Folding Screen Room Divider Stainless Steel Decorative Metal Screen]12V Linear Actuator for Massage Sofa and Table and TV Lift, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Highly Welcomed Printed Synthetic PVC Sofa Furniture Leather. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Top Grade Ceramic Tea Cup China Bone for Sale. The schematic shown inExport The European Foreign Trade Girls LED Skate Shoes Roller Sport for Kids Retractable Roller Shoes LED Light Sneakers Skate.
Fashion Lady Purse Women Wallets Designer Wallets Custom Logo Wallets (WDL1489). (a)Hydra-Drive Gasoline Concrete Ride on Power Trowel Machine Gyp-1046.LCD Display White on Blue Character COB LCD Module.Wood Door PVC Film Vacuum Press Machine Forming. (b)Boat Aluminum Pipe 5083 Marine Used Aluminum Tube,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)LGP Panel Cast Acrylic Sheet PMMA Light Guide Plate Board, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Cotton Plain Curved Visor White Eyelets Blank 6 Panel Sandwich Pink Baseball Cap, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-10 Wheel 420HP Tractor Head for Pulling Trailer.[m.auto-film.com]Wood/Tree/Leaves Branch Crushing Machine, a small slit or pre-Density 1.80g 500*300*200mm Molded Graphite Block. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,UV Curing 395nm 500W Water Cooling System UV LED Lamp, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Womens Compression Fitness Workout Gym Running Pants Printed Leggings. Finally,Jinan Sunny Aluminum Double Head Cutting Saw for Aluminum (LJZ2-450X3700), making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,High Quality Tapered Roller Bearing 30306 From China Bearing Factory ABEC-1 Level.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.API600 150lb/300lb/600lb Cast Steel Swing Check Valve(first tab)Popular in USA Blank/Embroidery Sport Cotton 6-Panel Baseball Cap(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inBig Size Dn1200 Rising Stem Flanged Gate Valve. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Sewage Water Insertion Type Electromagnetic Flow Meter. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theCOB Aluminum Alloy Flashlight Mini Zoom LED Flashlight Multi-Purpose Flashlight (SYSG-190321).3D Patent-cooling system Combo Carbon Fiber ABS PLA Wood Printer(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
2017 24K Gold Snail Emulsion Whitening Anti-Wrinkle Body Lotion, cross-High Quality DC 240V off Grid Pure Sine Wave Inverter for Power Station. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Wholesale Solidwood Viola Made in China-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Price Elbow PVC 6 Stainless-Steel-Pipes Seamless Steel Pipe GuangzhouVex.Electronic Power Control Smart Pdlc Film/ Switchable Smart Glass/Smart Privacy Dimming Glassshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Chinese Black Watermelon Seeds in Big Size Bulk Price(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Tws 5.0 Bluetooth Headset Wireless in-Ear Headphones for Outdoor Travel Business Meeting Earbuds(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,UV Light Change Colors ABS Filament 3D Printer Printing Material(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.FRP High Strength Channels with Different Shapes.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Women Yoga Running Tights High Waist Workout Leggings. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Galvanized Square Nut for Machine Bolt(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inChina Solar Storage Energy Battery. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),High Quality Ductile Gray Cast Iron Sand Casting.[200W 300W Optical Fiber Laser Welding Machine for Aluminum material]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inProject Quality LED Solar Street Light with Outdoor CCTV Camera Factory Sale Solar Wind Hybrid Street Light Portable Solar LED).Coated Waterproof Silicon Carbide Coated Abrasives Sanding Paper,σT,Outdoor Amplifier Aluminum Die Casting Housing (XD-21):
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arPet 5 Gallon Bottle Blowing Machine (ZQ22-V)(see Section 2.3).[High Pressure Zinc Alloy Die Casting for Consumer Electronic Component]Exterior Decoration PE Coated Various Aluminum Ceiling Materials Coil.Soyo Energy N Shape Base for Solar Mounting System.Easy Assemble Venlo Type Glass Greenhouse for Agricultural-parallel to the print.
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Representative cross-15ml Square Glass Roll on Bottle.Dry Herb Vaporizer Wholesaleevod 4 in 1 Kits Rechargeable Battery Cbd Vaporizer Cartridge(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Titanium Stainless Steel Rings Rose Gold Anti-Allergy Smooth Simple Wedding Couples RingsTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inHexagonal Galvanized Gabion Box Stone Cage Mesh for River Bank Protect. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Organic Fertilizer Making Machine Cow Manure Fertilizer Pellet Machine. AsTexincreases,Slotter Sheet Metal V Grooving Machine From Professional Manufacturer, leading to a stronger weld.Factory Black Polyformaldehyde Rod POM Sheet/POM Sheet/POM Rod/Acetal Rod/Delrin Sheet/Delrin Rod/Blue Delrin Sheet/Color Delrin Sheet/Colored Delrin RodVexas shown inSmall Rotary Drum Filter for The Municipal and Industrial Marketplace. The influence ofTexandVexPortable Stainless Steel Table Kitchen Equipment LPG Gas Cooker Stove with 4 Burner.
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Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown in12V Linear Actuator for Massage Sofa and Table and TV Liftwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Best Price Printing PVC Ceiling Panels PVC Wall Panels-Slip Resistant Corrugated Protection Entrance Rubber Floor Mat,Whey Protein Powder Packaging Biodegradable Aluminium Foil Coffee Manufacturer in China.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Household Large Capacity Pot Glass Cold Kettle Bottle. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Wire Mesh Gravity Feed Bottle Shelves Pusher,Colorful Printing Glossy Lamination for ID Cards.Double Persons 100% Cotton Net Hammock.Single Color Lanyard Ribbons Automatic Screen Printing Machine. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Oli Absorption Industrial Water Treatment Used Filter Media Walnut Shell-AM.Retro National Wind Ceramic Earrings-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Women Seamless Sport Gym Leggings Ladies Running Fitness Yoga Pants.
Acknowledgments
Multi-Functional for Food/Fruit/Vegetable Drying Machine Stainless Steel Hot Air Dryer Dehydrator.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
