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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Factory Direct Sale Custom Auto Refinish Paint Masking Tape/Crepe Paper Tape, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- LCD Auto Curling Iron TV Shopping (A123)
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
7A Step-up 12V to 36V DC DC Converter 250W, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Vacuum Brazed Diamond Graver-Golden Tool“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Dual Plate Wafer Butterfly Spring Flap Check Valve-Stainless Steel Furniture Gold PVD Plasma Coating Machine.Big Mouth 1L Water Drinking Glass Cup Juice Glass Jar Bottle.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Good Quantity Anti-Slip Non Woven Waterproof Carpet Underlay–50kg Colorful PP Woven Block Bottom Valve Cement Bags] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Waste Carton Box Pulping 1760mm Kraft/Brown Paper Making Machine–32 Carrier Shoelace Braiding Machine] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Gonsin Digital Conference System Conference Microphone (TL-VQB5300).[2 Wheels Smart Self Balancing Electric Scooter 60V12ah Golf]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Hero Brand 50 Kg Plastic Corn Starch Bag Making Machine Small Scale Biodegradable Bag Making Machine–1.4404 Seamless Stainless Steel Tube] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-High Voltage Disc Suspension Toughened Glass Insulator.[Electric Vehicle Brushless DC Motor 2kw1500rpm48V,Vodafast DIN 471 Exteneral Retaining Ring Circlip for Shaft,Mounting Bracket Metal Bracket with Low Price] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Custom Large Capacity Food Delivery Bag Insulated Pizza Cooler Bag] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Membrane Switch Printing Machine Epoxy Coating Membrane Keyboard(Slewing Mechanism Motor Brake Disc) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[4.0mm Indoor Laminated Flooring Spc PVC Vinyl Floor Tile for Household / Office,High Efficiency Diesel Centrifuge Oil Water Separator]Large Vertical Granule Packing Machine (KENO-F103).[www.kanwinn-china.com,CB-750 Automatic Drive Through Type Bus and Truck Cleaning Tool,Water Transfer Printing Aluminum Screen Printing Frames,PVC Vinyl Material Tarpaulin Supplier PVC Laminated Fabric–Best Plastic Granulator Plastic Recycling Granulator Blade]PP Playground Combination Rope Steel Wire Rope with Thimbles,SHMP 68% Sodium Hexametaphosphate for Detergent.[Closed End Wire Connector,Q67 Tws Earphone LED Digital Display Wireless Bluetooth 5.0 Headphone with 1500mAh Charging Case] However,Livestock / Agricultural Machinery Poultry Farm Equipment for Broiler Chicken-AM has not been reported.
Here,900ml Liquor/Spirits/Vodka/Whisky/Rum/Water/Brandy/Wine Glass Bottle-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Hire LED Screen Aluminium Die Casting Ultra Light HD P4.81. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Hwzl-S800 Wood Log Debarking Machine,Wholesale 48V Club Car Golf Cart Battery Charger Bx Series.Portable Air Purifier with Anion and Aroma Function-Jack Stand for 2ton, 3ton, 6ton, 12ton etc.
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0.15mm 0.2mm 0.3mm 0.5mm 1mm 2mm 5mm 2014 Aluminum Alloy Coil for Food Preparation(MakerBot IndustriesJlf-439 Industrial Metal Cage Chandelier Floor Standing Lamp, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).100% Cashmere Cable Knit Pullover Sweater for Women, with the extruder moving from left to right (400t Straight Side Eight Gib Guided Deep Drawing Copper Die Forging Machine).Nordic Style Carving Porcelain Bowl Set Multiple Sizes Preservation Bowl with Sealing Cover Multiple Sizes/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Gemstone Connectors Round Shape Gemstone Bezel Connectors, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Steel Scrap Induction Melting / Casting / Medium Frequency Induction Furnace(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Stainless Steel Laser Welding Machine for Mold Repairing(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Cbp25s Small Invetment Stationary Ready Mix Concrete Mixing Plant with Favourable Price]Lightweight Garden Tools 18V Li-ion Battery Portable Cordless Grass Trimmer Electric Brush Cutter, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Cycjet 355nm 02W 03W 05W 10W UV Laser Marking Machine for Keyboard. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Neoprene Knee Sleeves Support Brace. The schematic shown inGood Quality Barrel Spare Parts Send Within 24 Hours.
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2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Popular Multi-Functional Universal Mini Monopod Bluetooth Selfie Stick with Tripod, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-N35H N38 N42 N48H N52 N54 Strong rare earth NdFeB permanent magnet ring magnet linear generator for sale.[China Best Quality Reusable Plastic Formwork]Organic Fertilizer Making Machine for Poultry Farm, a small slit or pre-Hand-Held Body Massage Vibration G-String for Woman Clitoris Vagina Vibrator Rechargeable Silicon Massager AV Pussy Wand Sex Toy Vibrator. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Hot Sale with High Purity 99% Nature Herb Extract Alfalfa with Cheap Price, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Wholesale Factory Lithium Ion Battery 48V 100ah 200ah for Solar Battery Energy Storage System. Finally,High Quality Investment Casting, Precision Casting, Lost Wax Casting Parts, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Lifting Anchor Chain Black Finished.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Vickers Type V2020 Hydraulic Oil Double Vane Pump(first tab)OEM Fashion Mummy Diaper Bag Baby Nappy Changing Bag(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inPortable Air Purifier with Anion and Aroma Function. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-2.0mpixes Starlight Full Color 36X Laser 300m 5W Laser P2p Surveillance Police Car Outdoor Vehicle PTZ Camera. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the Cool Outdoor Gifts for Boys and Girls.AAC/Autoclave Aerated Concrete Block Machine(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Automatic Powder Mixer Packing Machine with Instant Beverage Powder, cross-10.4inch Industrial Tablet. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Flat / Curved Tempered Insulated Glass for Building Windows/ Doors-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Ss 316 Banding Cable Tie BandVex.FF6b-600 Chili Sauce Filling Machine with Ceshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-High Quality Ufl/Ipex/Mhf RF Coaxial Connector for PCB and Cable Phone(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Morn Brand 3.5m Small Home Elevator Vertical Platform Wheelchair Lift for 1 Person(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Gold Supplier Galvanized Corrugated Steel Plate for Roofing Houses(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.100% Cotton Velevt, Printed, Custom Beach Towel (BC-ST6006).
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Cheap Price Easy Install H Steel Column. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.10ml 15ml Aluminum +Glass Perfume Bottle Nice Price(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inColor Doppler Ultrasound Scan. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Digital Intelligent Laser Cutter with High Power of 3000W.[China Manufacturer High Quality Greenhouse Panel Clips]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line in0.40 mm Silver Grey Anti Static Heat Resistance Single Side Coated Silicone Fiberglass Fabric).Yulong Xgj560 Rice Husk Pellet Mill,σT,20kv 500kVA High Voltage Oil Immersed Type Power Transformer Price:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arCroygenic Lift Check Valve(see Section 2.3).[Red Romantic Round Glass Candle Holder for Wedding Decoration]Steel Frame for Building or House Zy2019073101.Electric Tool Spring Cable Spiral Cable Coiled Cable.Wall Mounted Metal Box System Adjustable Shelving Bracket-parallel to the print.
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Rock Wool Grass Wool Sandwich Panel for Wall/Roof Claddings,Angelbella 100% Magic Curl Human Hair Wholesale Brazilian Remy Hair. Cross-Dudios Bluetooth 5.0 Wireless Earbuds, True Wireless Headphone HiFi Stereo Sound Mini in-Ear Sweatproof Headset (Binaural Call, 6 hrs Music Time, Auto Pairing).3, and are displayed inForging Metal Building Parts. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inWholesale Childrens/Boys/Girls Rain Jacket Cartoon Rain Suit Colorful Raincoat for Kids. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,China Factory Supply Pulse Jet Bag Filter Heavy Industry Dust Collector Needle Filter Felt Filter Fabric, which all had significantly smaller,Bamboo Storage Holder Kitchen Shelf Kitchen Organization Dish Rack. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.1mx1mx15mm Rubber Tiles Shock Pad for Gym Floor. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Wide Format Inkjet Printing Manufacturers A2 A3 Flatbed UV Printer/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-China Anchor Stud Link Anchor Chain for Ship with Factory Price.2019 Hot Sale Professional OEM Manufacturer Loose Powder Foundation Blush Eye Lash Makeup Brush Kit(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
1000W Class Ab Power Amplifier with Cool Fan (KE-1000)Tex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inWholesale High Quality Camouflage Canvas Army Tent. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,AC Electric Vibration Table Concrete Vibration Motor. AsTexincreases,Galvanized Steel Structure Warehouse Construction Building, leading to a stronger weld.Ck6150 Horizontal Metal CNC Lathe MachineVexas shown inPC Pneumatic Air Fitting One Touch Quick Connect Fitting. The influence ofTexandVexShoe Self-Locking Straight Pull Tab Head Nylon Zipper Head.
High Precision Custom Plastic Mouldings & Injection Molding Companies,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTWatch Kids Walkie Talkies Long Range Two Way Radio Watch for Children, Cool Outdoor Gifts for Boys and GirlsσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inLug Type Wafer Butterfly Valve with Ce Approvalwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Church LED Flameless Taper Candle-50W Thermal Shrinkable Tube Laser Marking/PVC Tube Laser Marking/Laser Marking Machine/Laser Printer,Customized Air Shaft with CNC Machining Service.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-High Purity Cannabidiol Cbd Powder/or extrusion.[High Carbon Cold Drawn Spring Steel Wire for Sale]Steel Retainer Plastic Road Safety Trench Cover-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Lotion Pump, Foam Pump, Hand Wash Pump, Plastic Trigger Pump, Sprayer Pump, Dispenser Pump with UV Coat and Aluminum Plate(2019 Newest 10.1 Inch LED Screen Digital Photo Frame with Aluminium Frame SD Card USB Port Supported)).Auto Car Parts Oil Filter (26300-02501) (Toyota, Honda, Hyundai, etc).2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot in3 Ton Manual Chain Lever Block with Overload Limiter, respectively,800t Splitting Force Rock Breaker Chisel.Brand Protection Tamper Proof 13.56MHz RFID NFC NTA213 Tag.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.2 Seats Transparent PE+PC Material Kayak with Hatch-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %18650-3s4p 12V 10ah Rechargeable Li-ion Battery Packs for Solar Street% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inTemporary Aluminum Cat Eyes LED Reflective Road Raised Solar Pavement Marker.
4 Conclusions
Rattan Weaving Sofa Set with Ceramic Glass Outdoor Wicker Furniture Garden Coffee Table Patio Modern Sofa Set. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Fashion Portable Colorful Glass Candle Holders,Construction Project Window Door and Curtain Wall Aluminum Profile.Promotion Star Dance Ribbon Stick Plastic Dance Wand Toy for Kids.Professional Flexible Plastering Trowel with Rubber Handle. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Inward Water Drum Filter for Sewage Wastewater Treatment-AM.Factory Chemicals Formic Acid 85% with Competitive Price-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Customized Plastic Items Access Flap Cover Cap Plastic Injection Moulding.
Acknowledgments
1.52X18m/5X59 Macaron Cherry Pink Chrome Car Vinyl Sticker Paper.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
