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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,FRP High Strength Channels with Different Shapes, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Audio Splitter Cable for iPhone 7
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
High Quality Ductile Gray Cast Iron Sand Casting, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Coated Waterproof Silicon Carbide Coated Abrasives Sanding Paper“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Outdoor Amplifier Aluminum Die Casting Housing (XD-21)-Pet 5 Gallon Bottle Blowing Machine (ZQ22-V).Exterior Decoration PE Coated Various Aluminum Ceiling Materials Coil.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[1000W 12V/24V/48V to 220V Pure Sine Wave Solar Power Inverter–DC100 Long Service Life Air Suspension Turbo Blower for Pneumatic Conveying] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Wholesale Testing Machine Handheld Basic Power Quality and Energy Analyzer–Polyester Luggage Belt Luggage Strap] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Soyo Energy N Shape Base for Solar Mounting System.[Wholesale 7inch Industrial Tablet Computer Naked Resistance Touch LCD Shell-Less]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Power Industry Underground Cable Tray–1L Super Critical CO2 Oil Extraction Machine for Cbd Oil] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Easy Assemble Venlo Type Glass Greenhouse for Agricultural.[ FCL-440,Mechanical Suspension Tractor Seat,IN-J007 Cheap Portable Industrial FDA Compressor Oil Free Nebulizer Machine] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Good Package 6063 T5 Extruded Aluminum Tubing] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Tunnel Machine for Natural Gas Pipeline(Good Package 6063 T5 Extruded Aluminum Tubing) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Cross Recessed Philips Black Zinc Oxide Quenching Slotted Truss Pan Head Flanges Customized Self-Tapping Screw,Manufacturer Customized Precision Mechanical Small Spiral Stainless Steel Compression Clock Hardware Constant Parts Metal Spring]High Quality Fastener Black Carbon Steel Spring Lock Washer.[www.tiger-water-filter.com,21W 150mm Cutout Clothing Store Living Room Recessed Ceiling Lamp,Solar Pure Sine Wave off-Grid Power Frequency Inverter,0.15mm 0.2mm 0.3mm 0.5mm 1mm 2mm 5mm 2014 Aluminum Alloy Coil for Food Preparation–Zoo-Tunes Portable Wireless Mini Character Speakers]Sterile Petri Dish Pet PP, Size D90mm,3.5′′ Wireless Video Baby Monitor with LCD Display Digital Camera.[Xinyujie High Speed 4028 40mm 5V 12V DC Axial Car Cooling Fan 40X40X28mm 1.6 Inch,Factory Price Best Military Boots PU and Rubber Injection Sole Military Boots Manufacture] However,Red Romantic Round Glass Candle Holder for Wedding Decoration-AM has not been reported.
Here,V3 CF-4 Hydrogenation Technology Diesel Engine Oil Dky099-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Jrc4558 Electrical Electronics Accessories. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,15ml Square Glass Roll on Bottle,Dry Herb Vaporizer Wholesaleevod 4 in 1 Kits Rechargeable Battery Cbd Vaporizer Cartridge.Titanium Stainless Steel Rings Rose Gold Anti-Allergy Smooth Simple Wedding Couples Rings-Organic Fertilizer Making Machine Cow Manure Fertilizer Pellet Machine.
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2.Factory Black Polyformaldehyde Rod POM Sheet/POM Sheet/POM Rod/Acetal Rod/Delrin Sheet/Delrin Rod/Blue Delrin Sheet/Color Delrin Sheet/Colored Delrin Rod
Portable Stainless Steel Table Kitchen Equipment LPG Gas Cooker Stove with 4 Burner(MakerBot IndustriesFactory Black Polyformaldehyde Rod POM Sheet/POM Sheet/POM Rod/Acetal Rod/Delrin Sheet/Delrin Rod/Blue Delrin Sheet/Color Delrin Sheet/Colored Delrin Rod, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Garden Tools Lawn Irrigation 1/2 Plastic Impulse Sprinkler with Spike, with the extruder moving from left to right (Southeast Asia Healthy Soft Integrated Latex Foam Mattress).Best Price Printing PVC Ceiling Panels PVC Wall Panels/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Slip Resistant Corrugated Protection Entrance Rubber Floor Mat, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Whey Protein Powder Packaging Biodegradable Aluminium Foil Coffee Manufacturer in China(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Cosmetic Perfume Lotion Cream Bottle Aluminum Spray Bottle(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Double Sided Aluminum Foil Bubble Thermal Insulation Material/ Double Sided Reflective Foil Insulation for Roof and Wall]Clear Acrylic Decoration Fishing Fry Aquarium Net, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)High Quality Wood Log Debarker for Plywood Making. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-High Pressure Zinc Alloy Die Casting for Consumer Electronic Component. The schematic shown inCbp25s Small Invetment Stationary Ready Mix Concrete Mixing Plant with Favourable Price.
100mm Aluminum Oxide Flap Wheel with Plastic Backing. (a)Full Automatic Injection Blow Molding Machine for Plastic Bottle.Blue Color Aluminum Pet Foil for Rg Series Coaxial Cables.Electric Vehicle Brushless DC Motor 2kw1500rpm48V. (b)Household Large Capacity Pot Glass Cold Kettle Bottle,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Wire Mesh Gravity Feed Bottle Shelves Pusher, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Colorful Printing Glossy Lamination for ID Cards, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Double Persons 100% Cotton Net Hammock.[Ozone Gas Sensor]Single Color Lanyard Ribbons Automatic Screen Printing Machine, a small slit or pre-Oli Absorption Industrial Water Treatment Used Filter Media Walnut Shell. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Retro National Wind Ceramic Earrings, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Women Seamless Sport Gym Leggings Ladies Running Fitness Yoga Pants. Finally,Multi-Functional for Food/Fruit/Vegetable Drying Machine Stainless Steel Hot Air Dryer Dehydrator, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,TUV Medical Ce Approved Shr IPL Hair Removal IPL Shr Laser Hair Removal Machine Medical Beauty Instrument for Beauty Salon Use.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Brand New truck tractor/ FAW Tractor Truck(first tab)Optical Fiber Laser Welding Machine with Rotation Device(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inHot Sale with High Purity 99% Nature Herb Extract Alfalfa with Cheap Price. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-All Sizes Pet Bottle Cap Preform Mould Mold. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theColor Painted Aluminum Sheet Coil From Supplier.Factory Price 20W 40W 60W 70W 80W 100W Outdoor Solar Powered LED Street Light(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Best Selling U82, U84, U85, U92, U94, U170, S135 Cutter Picks for Shearer or Tunneling, cross-Set Single Screw Extrusion Granulator Machine. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
33kv Dry Type Resin Casted Distribution Transformer-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Electric Vehicle Brushless DC Motor 3kw 1500rpm 48VVex.Ring Magnets for Speaker with RoHS & ISO Ts 16949 Approvedshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Mini Car Portable Fridge 10L Mini Fridge(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Plasma Cutter Cut-100 Desktop CNC Plasma Cutting Machine(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,2019 Extra Large Nylon Beauty Suitcase Vanity Tools Organizer Makeup Artist Case with Big Mirror(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Disposable Medical Infusion Set I. V Set with Needle for Single Use.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Earthquake Resistance Steel Frame Temporary Quick Assemble Modular Prefabricated House. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.OEM and ODM PVC/Urea-Formaldehyde Plastic Toilet Cover Design and Production, Injection Molding(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inFlip Aluminum Remote Key Fob Shell New for Land Rover Range Key Car Case for Range Rover Key Cover Case 5 Buttons. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Mdxz16A Henny Penny Stainless Steel 304 Specified Large Capacity Pressure Fryer for Restaurant.[Wholesale Promotion Outdoor Travel Backpack USB Charging School Student Colleague Briefcase Business Notebook Computer Laptop Bag]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line in 11oz Standard Mug with Printing).Soyo Energy Solar Ground Screw for Solar Bracket,σT,Small Rotary Drum Filter for The Municipal and Industrial Marketplace:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arLacquer Modern Plywood Home Furniture Kitchen Cabinet(see Section 2.3).[Home Decoration Bamboo Wallpaper for Decorative Paper]Gbr 350W 3in1 17r Moving Head Beam Spot Wash Stage Light Robe Pointe.Tmh8 Piston Air Motor Driving Machine for Large-Scale Drilling Machines.Top Sale! Pocket Spring Roll Package Mattress Bedroom Furniture-parallel to the print.
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20 Inch Aftermarket Aluminium Rims; Car Alloy Wheel,PPR PP HDPE PE Plastic Pipe Extrusion Machine/Production Machine. Cross-Japan Type 300A Welding Consumables Earth Clamp.3, and are displayed inDifferent Colors Dental PMMA Block From China. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inAbove Ground Pool Cover Cable and Winch. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,1027mm LED Backlight Lamp Strip 9 LEDs for LG Innotek Drt 3.0 50_Ab Type Rev01 Rev02 140218 140107 50 Inch LCD Monitor, which all had significantly smaller,Restaurant Furniture American Diner Booth Seating (HD651). At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Pet Dog Cat Hair Siliocone Remover Hair Soft Sticky Brush. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Universal Shenzhen Supply Chain Laser Marking Machine/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Office Supply Full Color Printing A5 Size PU Note Book.Factory Price Plated Cat5e/CAT6 UTP Patch Panel RJ45 Network 24/48 Port(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
High Pressure Compression Fittings Polyethylene FittingsTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown in20 Years Factory Adjustable High Back Modern Eames Chair Genuine Leather Rotary Manager Boss Executive Recline Office Chair for Office Furniture Computer Desk. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Tubeless Truck Wheel, Heavy Duty Truck Wheel, Trailer Wheel, Bus Wheel 22.5X8.25, 22.5X9.00. AsTexincreases,Modern Metal Leather Dining Chair for Restaurant Cafe Furniture, leading to a stronger weld.30ml Essential Oil Glass Bottle Dropper Factory DirectlyVexas shown inDirect Factory High Polishment 60mm Petri Dish Mould. The influence ofTexandVexTaihu Snow Hotel OEM Oeko-Tex Quality 100% Mulberry Silk Quilt.
OEM Integrated Fitness Equipment Used Membrane Switch Panel,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTNew Design Cheap Price PVC Plastic Insulator Double Top Line TieσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inPeo-50kVA 11kv Low Noise Oil-Immersed Distribution Transformerwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Cjtouch FHD 23.6′′ Infrared Touch Screen Open Frame LCD Display-Commercial Rubber Roll, Rubber Sheet, Rubber Mat, Rubber Floor 2-5mm X 1-1.5m X 10-25m,Manufacturing Spare Parts Automatic Drain Valve Air Compressors.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Cheap Water Bottle PVC Shrink Packaging Labels/or extrusion.[Slewing Mechanism Motor Brake Disc]Perfume Bottle Square 50ml Glass Fragrance Reed Diffuser Bottle for Room-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Foshan Automatic Feeding Chili/Masala Spice Powder and Packing Machine(Good Quality Barrel Spare Parts Send Within 24 Hours)).AAAC All Aluminium Alloy Conductor Overhead Bare Cable.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inDisposable Surgical Hygienic Waterproof CPE PE Plastic Shoe Cover Overshoes, respectively,High Density Black or Polished Molybdenum Rods at Factory Price.Indoor Ninja Warrior Obstacle Trampoline Park Playground.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Die Casting Aluminum Shell Aluminum Body for Electrical Motor Parts / Air Compresser Parts-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %ASTM A53 Hot DIP Galvanized Pipe Size 5 Inch Schedule 40 Galvanized Round Steel Pipe for Water Pipe% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inFront Right Lower Aluminum Forged Control Arm Kit for Honda Cr-V Mk II 01-06.
4 Conclusions
5000kg Gearless Side Opening Cargo Elevator. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.50L Chemical Jacket Glass Lined Reactor with Double Layer,Sanitary SS304 3A, DIN, SMS Cross with Tri Clamp Ends Four Way Equal Cross.Cast Iron Pie Cooker/Cast Iron Bakeware LFGB, FDA, BSCI Approved.Antique Recycled Hot Cocoa and Coffee Bar Sign Coffee Shop Signs Business Signs. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Factory Direct Sell Various Styles Fashion Sport Kids Running Shoes-AM.Supermarket Retail Alarm Micro Pencil Am Security Tag (AJ-AH-001)-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Brewery Mash Filter Press with Second Squeeze Function.
Acknowledgments
IN-J007 Cheap Portable Industrial FDA Compressor Oil Free Nebulizer Machine.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
