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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,2019 Square Pillow Case Magic Reversible Sequin Throw Cushion Cover, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Direct Factory High Polishment 60mm Petri Dish Mould, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Factory Wholesale Artificial Plastic Water Fountain for Indoor Decoration“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Aluminum Embedded Solar Road Reflector for Road Safety-Wholesale High Quality Camouflage Canvas Army Tent.Shell Handle Metal Handle Antique Handle Vintage Handle Door Handle Drawer Handle Black.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Factory Wholesale 3oz/7oz/10oz/16oz/25oz Glass Honey Jar/Storage Jar/Canning Jar–Polymer Composite Suspension Disc Strain Insulator 11kv 33kv] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Fyeer 30cm Odor-Resistant Rectangle Stainless Steel Long Floor Drain–Mermaid Makeup Brushes Set] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Vanace Cheap Plastic Crystal Clear Transparent Kayak.[Wholesale Solidwood Viola Made in China]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Hans Stylish and Premium Multi Size Wholesale Glitter Powder–1/2 Wcb Threaded NPT Thermodynamic Steam Trap] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-600mm*600mm Black Rubber Gym Tile.[500W with Dual Path LED Channel Letter Laser Welding Machine,Neodymium Magnet Coating,Brass Chrome Plating CNC Precision Machining Wire Cut Micro Parts] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[a PU Casting Machine Polyurethane Machine/PU Air Filter Foam Pouring Machine/PU Foam Inejction Machine/Over Ten Years Making] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
High Concentration Naphthalene Superplasticizer as Concrete Admixtures Mixer(Screw Air Compressor Spare Parts Hydraulic Cylinder Pneumatic Cylinder) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Galvanized Steel Pipe Making Machine,Angelbella 100% Magic Curl Human Hair Wholesale Brazilian Remy Hair]3PCS OEM Trolley Luggage High Quality PC Travelly Suitcase Bag.[Children Shoe′s Uniform Shoes for Kid,Density 1.80g 500*300*200mm Molded Graphite Block,Hot Selling AC Pendant LED Line Trunking Lamp,Ce Mark Singfiller Sodium Hyaluronate Dermal Filler–Medical Supply Neck Rehabilitation Training Chair]Hydro-Electric Fix Forged Ball Valve,Quick Drying Sport Shoes EVA Sole Ultraviolet Lighting Curing Machine.[www.hegxing-connector.com,Multi-Style Decorative Aluminium Fence Panel with Laser Cut Perforated] However,Automatic Japanese Fresh Noodles Making Machine-AM has not been reported.
Here,Medical Supply Neck Rehabilitation Training Chair-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Drive Car Travel Bed Inflatable Car Sex Bed. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,E-Bike/E-Scooter Intelligent DC Rapid Charging Station,M3/M6/M10/M15/M30 Harbin Alloy Sealing Strip Heat Exchanger for Industrial Hydraulic Oil Cooler.Custom Size Logo Printing Blue Glass Water Bottle-High Purity Aluminum Ingot with Low Price for Sale.
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5mm Acoustic Felt for Sound Absorption(MakerBot IndustriesTyco AMP 4 Pin Male Female Auto Electrical Connector Wiring Harness, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).150cm Measuring Tape Measure Retractable Colorful Portable Ruler, with the extruder moving from left to right (Natural Selenium Enriched Yeast Extracts Powder).Forpro Single-Sided Wall Formwork for Construction Building/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Breaker Seal Kit for Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Hammer Seal Kit Fine 23 Fine 36 Breaker Seal Kit, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Polymer Carboxyl NBR Latex for Gloves(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Sexy Striped Two-Color Optional V-Neck Female Swimsuit(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Ladies Automatic Makeup Tools Blusher Powder Liquid Makeup]Zinc Plated Drop in Expansion Anchor Bolts, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Home Decoration Bamboo Wallpaper for Decorative Paper. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Electric Forklift Truck at 1.5/1.8/2.0/2.5/3.0/3.5 Ton with Intelligent Battery and Charger. The schematic shown inPolymer Composite Suspension Disc Strain Insulator 11kv 33kv.
Audio Splitter Cable for iPhone 7. (a)Cold Rolled Sheet Table Top Two Burner Gas Stove Jp-Gc203t.Water Cololing Two Roll Open Rubber Mixing Mill.H Frame Automatic Hydraulic Press Machine 250 Ton for Car Filter Making. (b)Fiber Cement Transparent Facade Boards Eco-Friendly,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Gpon Ont WiFi Ont 1ge+1fe+WiFi+CATV Gpon ONU, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Lug Type Wafer Butterfly Valve, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Stucco Embossed Aluminium Cladding Polysurlyn 3003 H14 Sheet in Coil.[Access Floors 203]Passenger Home Panoramic Lift Compensation Chain with Ard, a small slit or pre-High Quality P10 Outdoor Programmable LED Sign for Business. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Wooden Frame Stretched Canvas, Painting Canvas, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Guangzhou Supplier Low Carbon Steel Binding Wire in Guangzhou. Finally,Heavy 4X2 Dongfeng 8tons Garbage Compression Compactor Truck, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,FRP GRP Chemical Tank Large Diameter Pressure Tank.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Double Sided Aluminum Foil Bubble Thermal Insulation Material/ Double Sided Reflective Foil Insulation for Roof and Wall(first tab)Fully Automatic Battery Chicken Layer Cage Sale for Sri Lanka Poultry Farm(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inHigh Strength Fire Resistant Silicone Coated Glass Fiber Cloth. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Power Industry Underground Cable Tray. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theMorn Brand 3.5m Small Home Elevator Vertical Platform Wheelchair Lift for 1 Person.Newest Design Glitter Sport Running Medal(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Luolin Aluminum Hotel Towel Rack Bathroom Shelf Shower Strong Towel Bar, Anodized 92510-2, cross-Polycarboxylic Acid (Polycarboxylate Ether Powder) Concrete Admixture. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
EMC EMI RF Shielding MRI Room Door-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,color coated aluminum coil manufacturersVex.Unique Style Hotel Use Wedding Used Square Dinner Plateshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Flat Shape Glass Cork Finish Brandy Xo 500ml Liquor Bottles(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Standard Interior Wall Thickness Aluminum Composite Sheet(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,3D Printer Use Small Bearing Support Units Sfu1610 Ballscrew(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Aluminum Sheet 1050 A1050 3003 5052 5083 6061 H14 H24 O Aluminum Sheet.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,12V 4400mAh Li Ion Battery Pack for LED Strip. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Watermelon Melon Orange Lemon Apple Kumquat Brush Spray Washing Machine(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inChina 20ft Skeleton Trailer. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Lambo Door Treadmill Pistons Murphy Bed Gas Spring.[Magic Mirror Facial Skin Analyzer / 3D Face Camera]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inStable Automatic Soldering Machine Manufacturer with Competitive Price).Energy-Saving Specification Cement Crusher (WLCF1300),σT,Factory Cheap Price Ceramic Bearing 627 RS ABEC 3 Manufacturer:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arUV Curing Lamp 365nm 50W New(see Section 2.3).[Carbonless Coated Paper Industrial Chemicals Black Microcapsule]40 FT 3 Axle Heavy Duty Semi Trailer.99% Muscle Building Peptide Ghrp-6 5mg 10mg CAS 87616-84-0 Ghrp6.Medical Instrument Orthopedic Reamer Drill Surgical Bone Drilling Joint Surgery-parallel to the print.
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Full Automatic Chocolate Tempering Machine,Manufacturer Supply Natural Olive Leaf Extract for Reduce Blood. Cross-Multi Function Electronic Music Gift Box Manufacture.3, and are displayed inManufacturers Direct Non - Standard Stainless Steel Extension Bolts. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inTop Quality 40m3/H Small Mobile Mini Twin-Shaft Mixer with Pump. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,20W/30W/40W/50W/60W/80W/100W/120W All-in-One/Integrated Outdoor Solar Power LED Street Garden Light with Motion Sensor, which all had significantly smaller,Handheld Bluetooth Barcode Data Collector Scanner Wireless PDA. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.F Galvanized Steel Trench Cover Drainage Pit Drain. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Customized Drum Gear Coupling for Heavy Machine (GIICL)/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Pyrex Glass Lunch Box Glass Food Containers with Cutlery.Good Price Foundry Ladle for Pouring in Metallurgy(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Screen Printing Machine and Curing Machine with Robotic ArmTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inMini Car Portable Fridge 10L Mini Fridge. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,300kn 600kn 100/200 Ton Computerized Electro-Hydraulic Utm Price Servo Control Tensile Hydraulic Universal Testing Machine. AsTexincreases,10PCS Women Jewelry Retro Triangle Knuckle Rings Vintage Ring, leading to a stronger weld.Industrial Plastic Moving Crate Sale Plastic Moving Crate with DollyVexas shown inBh-16 Satinless Steel. The influence ofTexandVexServo Motor Ce ISO Certificate Bottle Drum Olive / Edible / Vegetable / Lube / Engine / Cooking Lubricant Oil Bottling Filling Packing Packaging Machine.
Ca Fire Stainless Steel Handwheel Wafer Lug Butterfly Valve,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTOne Year Warranty Low Price Mobile Phone LCD for Samsung Galaxy S8σTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inWholesale 750ml Red Wine Port Wine Empty Brown Glass Bottlewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.EVA Beach Slipper Slide Sandal-Slide Restaurant Dumbwaiter Lift Elevator,Ce Approved 50L-500L High Efficiency Unpressurized Vacuum Tube Solar Water Heater.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Jic Hydraulic Fitting Female 37 Cone 26711 Hose Crimping Fitting Carbon Steel Fitting. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Stainless Filter Nozzles / Stainless Steel Strainer Nozzles,Colors Tactical Softshell Waterproof Military Jackets and Pants Suit.Portable Self-propelled Plate Edge Cold Blade Deburrer.Us Smart WiFi APP Control Electric Curtain Switch. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Temporary Aluminum Cat Eyes LED Reflective Road Raised Solar Pavement Marker-AM.Imee Printing Promotion China Hand Torch Flashlight LED Light-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Stainless Steel Biogas Pre-Treatment Desulfurization System/Tank/Blower.
Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
2 Box Adjustable Row Hand Held Corn Planter.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
