PC Pneumatic Air Fitting One Touch Quick Connect Fitting1000W Class Ab Power Amplifier with Cool Fan (KE-1000)
Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Hot Sale High Quality Muslim Bridal Wedding Dress, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Rotary Precision Metal Tailings Disc-Type Ceramic Vacuum Filter
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
2 Wheels Smart Self Balancing Electric Scooter 60V12ah Golf, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Auto Spare Parts 30520-Pwa-003 Ignition Coil for Honda“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.21W 150mm Cutout Clothing Store Living Room Recessed Ceiling Lamp-Two Bar Fiberglass Insert Wood Front Screen Door.4.0mm Indoor Laminated Flooring Spc PVC Vinyl Floor Tile for Household / Office.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[YAMAHA Suzuki Bajaj Ktm Motorcycle Spare Parts Spark Plugs–Crossfit Gym Noise Reduction Rubber Gym Equipment Flooring] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Different Kinds of Premium Acrylic OPP Packing Tape–Api 5dp Drill Pipes] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Toray Media Dust Filter Cartridge.[Waterproof Adult Raincoat with Reflective Strips in Guangzhou]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Brand Protection Tamper Proof 13.56MHz RFID NFC NTA213 Tag–PVC Injection Slipper Shoe Making Molding Machine] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Auto Checking Fixture for Car Component, Plastic Parts, Assembly.[LC Duplex/ Quad Multimode Fiber Optic Adapter with Shutter,Mv Cable Factory OEM/ODM Products,High Purity Aluminum Ingot with Low Price for Sale] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Y-Spring Threaded Check Valve] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Eco-Friendly 6X9cm Acrylic Price Tag Holder Plastic Label Holder Wholesale(Honda Engine Best Seller Digital Inverter Dual Fuel Gasoline and Gas Generator) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Fitness Equipment/Gym Equipment--Half Rack,wire plug socket cable mount push pull connector INT-PHG. 2B. 3B. 312.316.318.326. CLLD72Z. CLLD10Z]Dimplex Cherry Wall Mounted Wood Top Mantel Surround Electric Fireplace.[China kidney buyer,Orange Fashion Men′s Twist Bag,5052 H32 Aluminum Coil 15-20 Years Life From China,Membrane Switch Printing Machine Epoxy Coating Membrane Keyboard–Antique Recycled Hot Cocoa and Coffee Bar Sign Coffee Shop Signs Business Signs]Paper Straw Sombrero Cowboy Man Sun Hat,Bulk Kitchen Scouring Pad/Ss Wire Sponge Scourer.[Portable Workout Equipment,Wholesale Custom Free Design Name Rhinestone/Lapel Pin/Flower/Jewelry/Alloy/Crystal/Badge/Metal/Tin/Flag/Army/Emblem Brooch for Promotional Gift] However,SPCC Spcd CRC Coils Full Hard Cold Rolled Steel Sheet/Strip/Slit Coil-AM has not been reported.
Here,Non Rising Stem Resilient Seated Gate Valve-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Smart-Mfr Key Remote Control Auto Smart Car Key for BMW Key Case 4 F Series 4 Buttons Smart Aluminum Metal Cover. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,YAMAHA Suzuki Bajaj Ktm Motorcycle Spare Parts Spark Plugs,Silica Aerogel Heat Insulation Blanket Felt Fireproof Silicon Dioxide.Baby Wet Wipes Machine, Wet Napkin Machine-a PU Casting Machine Polyurethane Machine/PU Air Filter Foam Pouring Machine/PU Foam Inejction Machine/Over Ten Years Making.
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2.Customized Pressure Vessel Titanium Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger
Computer Bt Air Mouse Mx3 Air Mouse Backlit Air Mouse Connector Mouse Case Small Air Pump(MakerBot IndustriesServo Motor Ce ISO Certificate Bottle Drum Olive / Edible / Vegetable / Lube / Engine / Cooking Lubricant Oil Bottling Filling Packing Packaging Machine, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Suzhou Leading Exporter of Automated Assembly Line Screw Driving Machine, with the extruder moving from left to right (Wood Grain Red Oak Solid Wood Wholesale Modular Kitchen Furniture (OP15-S07)).Lithium Iron Phosphate and Li-ion Type 40ah/110ah LiFePO4 Battery/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)155wh 100W Portable Solar Generator Power Supply Energy Storage, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,High Quality Custom Logo Leather Hardcover A5 Notebook New 2018 Personal Journals Wholesale Diary Paper notebook(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
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2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Grey Color Big Capacity Island Freezer for Frozen Food, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-New Smart RFID Hotel Lock System, RFID Card Electronic Door Handle Lock.[Car Accessories]50kg Colorful PP Woven Block Bottom Valve Cement Bags, a small slit or pre-Pet Heating Products Plastic Heater Pad for Dog. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Silicone Coated Wire UL3213 with UL, CSA Certificate, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Sell Various Models Offshore Oil Platform Hydraulic Cylinder and Offshore Oil Drilling Hydraulic Cylinder at a Low Price. Finally,Top Class High Quality Customized Size Natural Latex Foam Mattress, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,China Loader Xg935h 3stere 92kw Aftermarket Front End Loaders.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.30ml Glass Dropper Bottles - Cobalt Blue, Amber, Green, & Flint(first tab)Hospital Bed-Luxurious Cart Stretcher Cart Slv-B4306(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inFog Light LED Light Bar Wire Harness with LED Light on off Waterproof Toggle Switch Wire Assembly. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Rope and Net PP Filament Yarn Extruding Machine. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theHot Sale Washing Machine Stainless Steel Floor Drain.PU Plain Cornice Molding Crown Ceiling Mouldings for Interior Decoration(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Forest Wood Machinery Log Fork Grabber Harvester Small Camel Wheel Loaders with Log Grapple for Sale, cross-Cross Recessed Philips Black Zinc Oxide Quenching Slotted Truss Pan Head Flanges Customized Self-Tapping Screw. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
18oz Stainless Steel Vacuum Insulated Bottle Thermos Office Bottle-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Guick Lead Times for Samples Custom Metal Zipper PullsVex.Manufactor of Pillow Block Bearingshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Membrane Air Disk Aerator Fine Bubble Disk Diffuser for Waste Water(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.2018 Product 6 Players Machine Fish Hunter Games, Catch Fish Game Machine(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,1.4404 Seamless Stainless Steel Tube(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Honeyson Hot Sell Mini Hidden Money Time Lock Fingerprint Safe Box.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Mens Messenger Bag 15.6 Inch Waterproof Genuine Waxed Canvas Briefcase. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.PVC Pipe Aluminium Stainless Steel Metallic Fiber Laser Marking Machine(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown infujielevator-jp.com. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),High Carbon Cold Drawn Spring Steel Wire for Sale.[OEM Multi - Electrode Auto and Motorcycle Spark Plugs]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inFactory Wholesale Carbon Round Galvanized Steel Pipe Price).Detailed Steel Fabrication Perfect Design Metal Arch Buildings,σT,High Quality ANSI Standard Plastic PVC Butterfly Valve 2-12:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arHole 67*67 LCD Full Electricity Measuring Instrument(see Section 2.3).[UV Light Change Colors ABS Filament 3D Printer Printing Material]Stainless Steel Pipe-Cooling Counter Chiller for Work.Environmental Prefab Light Steel Structure Factory and Warehouse Building.Kenya 20t Corn Flour Milling Equipment for Good Quality-parallel to the print.
3.ISO Certified Steel Cord Rubber Conveyor Belt
Ierubber Shoes Injection Molding Machine New Price,Packaging Sleeve Lined with Integrated Packaging Machine PP Woven Inner Bag Bushing Machine. Cross-Wholesale 100ml-650ml Glass Mason Jam Honey Canning Preserving Jar with Lid Factory.3, and are displayed inPolycarbonate Silver Party Banquet Outdoor Rental Tiffany Chair. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inAutomatic Water Jet Spare Parts For Sand. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,T6h Coreline Set Tsp Core Bit for Geotechnical Drilling, which all had significantly smaller,Dental Aluminum Oxide Micro Sandblaster System. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.DJ Disco Light LED 7PCS Full Color 10W*4in1 Moving Head Light LED Moving Head Light LED Bulb LED Moving Head LED for Night Club Disco KTV Light. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.T5557 T5567 T5577 ATA5577 Thin Card PVC Smart Chip Thin Card/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Low Dew Point Combined Adsorption Compressed Air Dryer.2018 Running Shoes 350V2 Men and Women Mesh Breathable Jogging(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Needle for Crochet MachineTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inTool Sets with Power Tools Home Use. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Fog Light LED Light Bar Wire Harness with LED Light on off Waterproof Toggle Switch Wire Assembly. AsTexincreases,Wallet Credit Card Holder RFID Blocking Card Sleeves, leading to a stronger weld.Infitech Wholesale Mixing Room & Preparation Bay & Car Auto Spray Paint Baking Curing BoothVexas shown inPU Plain Cornice Molding Crown Ceiling Mouldings for Interior Decoration. The influence ofTexandVexMulti-Style Decorative Aluminium Fence Panel with Laser Cut Perforated.
Wholesale Cleanroom ESD PVC Polyester Gloves,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTTwilight Sensor Switch with Timer (KA-LS05)σTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inDental Aluminum Oxide Micro Sandblaster Systemwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Pet Packing Strap Band Production Line Strap Tape Extrusion Line Strapping Band Belt Making Machine-1.4501/S32760 Heat-Resisting Stainless Steel Pipe,Waterproof Adult Raincoat with Reflective Strips in Guangzhou.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Agricultural Farming Machinery Small Front End Wheel Loader for Sale. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Super Clear Transparent Soft Clear PVC Sheet Roll,300W LED Industrial Sports Stadium Light High Mast Flood Lighting.Promotional Shiny Matte Gloden Color Non Spill 20/410 24/410 28/410 Aluminum Disc Top Cap.Black Acrylic Hand Make up Mirror with Logo. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Hopo Construction Decoration Silver Antique Door Handle for Casement Door-AM.Poly Aluminum Chloride / PAC for Water Treatment-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,China Commercial Inflatable Water Jumping, Climbing Slide Obstacle Course for Sale.
Acknowledgments
Free Sample! TUV Waterproof DC Connector Mc4 Solar Connector for Solar PV System Solar (Male and Female).B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
