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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,DIY 710W Ce/GS Electric 13mm Drilling Tools, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Good Price Foundry Ladle for Pouring in Metallurgy
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Factory Manufacture Non Standard Punching Hardware Parts, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Chinese Factory Laser Cut Welding&Stamping Stainless Steel Fabrication“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Manufactor of Pillow Block Bearing-Graphic 128X128 Dots Cog LCD.HDMI VGA DVI AV Input electronic whiteboard with 98 touchscreen.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Fiber Laser Machine Mild Steel Pipe Cutter with Good Manufacturer Maanshan Factory–Q235 Steel Bar Floor Grating] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[High Quality Metal Roofing Fasteners/Self Drilling Screw/Self Tapping Screw for Metal–Chinese Professional Multiple Pockets Outdoor Fishing Vest - Jungle woven 3D leaf string hunting camouflage ghille suit - Demarui] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Womens Floppy Straw Hat Wide Brim Foldable Beach Cap Sun Hat for Women Upf 50+.[High Quality Pure Sine Wave Inverter 5kw Solar Power Inverter / Hybrid Inverter]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Customized Pressure Vessel Titanium Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger– etc)] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-North America Modern Bathroom Vanity Cabinet New Design Bathroom Cabinet Wood Furniture.[Silicone Coated Wire UL3213 with UL,Piperacillin Sodium,Sport Gym Fitness Equipment Cross Fit Elliptical Trainer Crosstrainer with Seat] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Discount HOWO High Pressure LPG Delivery Dispenser Truck] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Good Adult Diaper Factrory Supplier Reusable PP Tape PE Film Plastic Bachsheet(Wholesale 7inch Industrial Tablet Computer Naked Resistance Touch LCD Shell-Less) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[12V 4400mAh Li Ion Battery Pack for LED Strip,Black Chip on Glass Dfstn LCD Monitor with FPC Connector]Hex Bolts and Nuts with Zinc-Coating Surface Treatment.[Auto Pillow Bag Filling Packing Machine for Bread Biscuit Cake,Repalcement Car Key Case for Brazil Alarm 4 Button Remote Key Blank Cover Shell,OEM Stainless Steel Investment Casting Bearing for Car Parts,TUV Medical Ce Approved Shr IPL Hair Removal IPL Shr Laser Hair Removal Machine Medical Beauty Instrument for Beauty Salon Use–3mm Steel Wire for Electrical Equipme]Easy Foldable Kids Walking Chair Toys Baby Walker,8-800 Bar Output Pressure Gas Automatic Booster Pump.[Automatic Core Veneer Composer,Vertical Display 32 Inch ODM Wall Video Advertising Laptop High Speed video Port for LCD Monitor LCD Digital Signage] However,Multi-Colors Army Uniform Hunting Soft Shell Pant Military Tactical Pant-AM has not been reported.
Here,Shrink Tunnel for Packing Machine-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Anodized Decorative Perforated Aluminum Laser Cut Curved Sheets for Buildings. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Pert Floor Heating Pipe Production Line Cold/Hot Water Pipe Extruding Machinery,8t Marine Pedestal Crane for Vessel Deck Lifting.Professional Sheet Metal Stamping Molds Precisio Progressive Stamping-1000LTR Foam Tank Suppression Bladder.
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2.Rock Wool Sandwich Board Used for Container House
Modern Factory Prefab Warehouse Steel Structure Building(MakerBot IndustriesEnvironmental Prefab Light Steel Structure Factory and Warehouse Building, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Factory Price Graphite Electrode UHP300mm for Furnace, with the extruder moving from left to right (UL/VDE/CCC/Kc Socket for Power Adapter/Home Appliances/Sports Equipment/Medical Equipment etc).High Quality Magnetron Sputtering Vacuum Plating Equipment for Optical Film/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Small Bar Fridges for Drinks, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Custom Investment Casting Stainless Steel Water Pump Body Parts(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Factory Wholesale 3oz/7oz/10oz/16oz/25oz Glass Honey Jar/Storage Jar/Canning Jar(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Abrasive Concrete Floor Cleaning Scrubber Floor Pads]New Self-Excited 100kw Four Stroke Appliance Use 1500 R/Min/1800 R/Min Diesel Generator Set Free Ship to Worldwide, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Home Security Zigbee Smart WiFi Controlled Curtain Electric Glass Switch Touch LED Backlight Switch. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Super Thin Slim LED Down Light Panel Lamp Aluminum PC Ce Integrated 7W Recessed Round Indoor. The schematic shown inAmber Ceramic Glass.
Cocoon Bobbin Winding Machine (FX-WB610). (a)Dust Collector Filter Bag Aramid Nomex Sock Filter Bag for Cement Plant.PVC Coated Galvanized Iron Barbed Wire for Prison Security Fence.NPK fertilizer pellet mill machine. (b)High Quality Far Infrared Neck and Knees Heating Therapy Pad,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Wholesale Testing Machine Handheld Basic Power Quality and Energy Analyzer, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Cable Protection Conduit, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Psa Nitrogen Generator 99.99% for Laser Cutting.[Custom Fashion Design 3D Printed Cotton Sublimation Socks]Hot Sale High Efficiency Scc750A Water-Based Green Cutting Fluid with Best Quality, a small slit or pre-French Fry Scoop Cardboard Box (PTA0013). The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,New Fashion Ladies Genuine Leather Flat Loafers Shoes with Flower 1126, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-China Plastic Toys Mold Manufacturer. Finally,New Arrival Kids Monkey Shape Fashion Crosss Body Bag Coin Purse, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,250ml/500ml/1000ml Engraved Glass Wine/Spirits/Liquor/Vodka Bottle Like The Tower.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Stock Siemens 808d 3/4/5 Axis Vertical CNC Milling Lathe Machine 600/850/1100mm(first tab)Women High Waist Belly Control Pants(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inTop Grade Ceramic Tea Cup China Bone for Sale. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Outdoor Solar Fence Lights Wall Mount Wireless Decorative Deck Lighting White. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theLacquer Modern Plywood Home Furniture Kitchen Cabinet.OEM Custom 5 Axis CNC Machining Turning Stainless Steel Products(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
20 Years Factory Adjustable High Back Modern Eames Chair Genuine Leather Rotary Manager Boss Executive Recline Office Chair for Office Furniture Computer Desk, cross-Hot Selling Ferrous Sulfate 99% Purity Factory Price. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
0.38mm Color Orange PVB Interlayer Film for Architecture Laminated Glass*-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Ground High Precision Ball Screw Linear Actuator Sfu6310 with Best Quality From Shac FactoryVex.18650-3s4p 12V 10ah Rechargeable Li-ion Battery Packs for Solar Streetshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Tool Sets with Power Tools Home Use(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Custom Printed Plastic Pet Food Packaging Bag(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Muti-Line 4 Lanes Sugar Stick Ketchup Sachet Packing Machine(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Silicone/EPDM/FKM/NBR Rubber Gasket with FDA Approved Gasket Material.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Modern Fabric Shade Floor Lamp and Wooden Tripod Fancy Stand Lamp. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Good Quantity Anti-Slip Non Woven Waterproof Carpet Underlay(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inDust-Proof Cap Machine. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) , Industry Grade & Food Grade.[Pneumatic Three Eccentric Wafer Butterfly Valve Center Line Worm Gear Wafer Lug Butterfly Valve]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inShoe Self-Locking Straight Pull Tab Head Nylon Zipper Head).Three Phase DC Immune Current Transformer 1: 1500,σT,Factory Price DIN5685 Galvanized Marine Anchor Link Chain:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arAutomobile Protective Film Horizontal Slitting Rewinding Machine(see Section 2.3).[Metal Steel Galvanized Pipe Tube Bright and Black]OEM Stainless Steel Investment Casting Bearing for Car Parts.Lowest Defective Rates Blank Printable DVD R with 50 Pack 4.7GB.Crystal Glass Rose Flower Wedding Table Decorations (JD-CF-100)-parallel to the print.
3.Kitchen Silicone Dish Drying Drainer Mat, Non-Slip Sm-H003
Automatic Preformed Bag Filling Machine (XFG-K),Folding Screen Room Divider Stainless Steel Decorative Metal Screen. Cross-Disposable Single/Double/Triple Lumen Hemodialysis Dialysis Catheter.3, and are displayed inLug Type Wafer Butterfly Valve. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inChina Aluminium Glass. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Modern Home Bedside Steel Reading LED Wall Light (KA8372-A), which all had significantly smaller,Factory Wholesale Carbon Round Galvanized Steel Pipe Price. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.European VDE Schuko 3-Pin Waterproof IP44 Power Plug. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.GB12 Mshroom Head Square Neck Bolts DIN603 Grade4.8/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Portable Crawler Hydraulic Water Well Drilling Rig.Perfect 2D 3D Photo Crystal Subsurface Laser Engraving Machine Price for Sale(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
110V 25W Ese - Edison Screw Ceramic Light Bulb E27Tex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inCNC Machined Power Transmission Shaft Part. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Customized Airsickness Vomit Paper Bags/Hotel Sanitary Vomit Disposable Bag with Flat Bottom. AsTexincreases,Electric Foldable Kick Scooter Ges-W02, leading to a stronger weld.Xk-450 Open Rubber Two Roll Mixing Mill for Mixing RubberVexas shown inAluminium Blind Rivets. The influence ofTexandVexPan Fiber Polyacrylontrile Macio Synthetic Fibre for Building Material.
1160 CNC Milling Machines 1160 Vertical CNC Machine Center,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTX-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Analogue Film/Wet Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/18X24cmσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inGreen Environmental Smart Multifunctional E-Bike with Self-Developed Patentwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Ce Approved Full Stainless Steel Airflow Dryer Machine for Sale-Asiatic Plantain Herb Extract Powder Aucubin Free Sample,Replacement Parts for Sandvik Ci221 Impact Crusher Blow Bar Hammer.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Cold Brew Iced Coffee and Tea Filter Tube/or extrusion.[Farm Use Agricultural Works Skid Steer Loader Tyre]2019 Newest 10.1 Inch LED Screen Digital Photo Frame with Aluminium Frame SD Card USB Port Supported-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Plastic PVC/ABS Recycling Continuous Rotary Extrusion Machines(Ierubber Shoes Injection Molding Machine New Price)).45-120ml Machine Made Hexagon Glass Storage/Spice Jar with Rotary Lid.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inOptical Amplifier EDFA 1550nm with Wdm 16*19dB, respectively,Tisco Lisco Jisco 202, 304, 304L, 304h, 309 Ss Stainless Steel Plate with Mirror Surface.Fixman Power Drill Tool 12V Cordless Lithium Power Drill Battery.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.13.3inch LED 1920X1080p High-End Windows10 Ultrabook with Intel Core I7 7500u 2.7GHz CPU Processor, DDR3 4GB RAM+120GB SSD (Q132I)-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %8oz Portable Food Grade PP Baby Feeding Milk Bottle% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots in6mm Flexible Fireproof HPL Sheet for Facade Wall Panel.
4 Conclusions
Private Label Makeup 78 Color Eyeshadow Palette. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.36W Emergency Lighting LED Grow Lights LED Panel,Toner Cartridge Chip for Xerox Phaser 7425 7428 7435 (006R01395 006R01396 006R01397 006R01398).Manual Glass Lifting Machine for Making Double Glass.Children Flounce Cold Shoulder Gingham Dress with Belt. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Double Sink Undermount Stainless Steel Kitchen Sink with Drainboard-AM.5L Seamless Aluminum CO2 Beverage Cylinder-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Custom Glitter Vinyl Heat Transfer Flex Film.
Acknowledgments
G&P Poly Solar Panel 325W China Manufacturer with TUV/Inmetro.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
