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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,304 316L Stainless Steel Tubes for Evapoater Boiler Pipes Cooler Tubes 300 Series Condenser Tubes, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Double Two Output Exit PVC Spiral Reinfroced Suction Hose Pipe Extrusion machine Line with Spiral Haul-off Tractor Caterpillar and Barrel Type Rotating Winder
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Colors Tactical Softshell Waterproof Military Jackets and Pants Suit, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Portable Self-propelled Plate Edge Cold Blade Deburrer“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Us Smart WiFi APP Control Electric Curtain Switch-Temporary Aluminum Cat Eyes LED Reflective Road Raised Solar Pavement Marker.Imee Printing Promotion China Hand Torch Flashlight LED Light.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[4X3200 2mm 3mm 4mm Nc Steel Metal Aluminum QC12y Shearing Machine and Power Shearing Machine–NPK fertilizer pellet mill machine] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Bestsub Printed Tablet Case for iPad Mini (IMD06G)–Ms Erw Welded Black Pipe] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Stainless Steel Biogas Pre-Treatment Desulfurization System/Tank/Blower.[Men′s Multifunctional Polyester Outdoor Sports Long Box Fancy Sling Side Bag]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[ RFID Card Electronic Door Handle Lock–H Frame Automatic Hydraulic Press Machine 250 Ton for Car Filter Making] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-2 Box Adjustable Row Hand Held Corn Planter.[Book Shelf in Morden Style Freely Combination,SPF Mini Screen Printing Machine with Rain Umbrella Placement,Factory Manufacture Non Standard Punching Hardware Parts] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[ Color Is Sweet Taste Without Sulfur Smoked Codonopsis Herb] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
LC Duplex/ Quad Multimode Fiber Optic Adapter with Shutter(Life Size 170cm Silicone Sex Dolls Real Love Doll for Male) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Promotion Logo Embroidery Patch with Different Color,250ml/500ml/1000ml Engraved Glass Wine/Spirits/Liquor/Vodka Bottle Like The Tower]SWC490 Cardan Joint Universal Joint Coupling Drive Shaft Parts.[m.gsrfid.com,Shrink Tunnel for Packing Machine,China Online Selling Custom Handmade Paper Shoes Box,Seamless Fixed Installation P4 HD Indoor LED Display Board Sign–Automatic Liquid Tomato Paste Sauce Packaging Bag Pouch Packing Machine]Wholesale 7.2X4.5X4.7m Christmas Inflatable Santa Bouncer with Slide,Office Furniture Filing Cabinets Office Accessories Fittings Edge Banding.[Wholesale Christmas Gift Bag Candy Bag for Kids,Caterpillar for Big Cable Production Line Haul-off] However,FTTH Fiber Optic Outdoor Cable GYXTW Central Loose Tube Armored Cable with Fast Connector-AM has not been reported.
Here,Ca Approved Euro Standard Fire Ball Extinguisher 1.3kg Fire Ball Machine Fire Ball Extinguisher Afo-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Aluminum Window System Thermal Break Strip (HK Stype35.3mm). A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,DJ Club 1400W LED Stage Strobe Light for Outdoor,2/3 Axle 45000 Fueltanker/Diesel/Oil/Petrol/Utility Tanker/Tank Truck Tractor Semi Trailer.Shine Skin Pumpkin Seeds High Quality Low Price-Office Equipment Cleanroom Plastic ESD Cutter with Clip.
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2.Full Color 12.6′′x 50′′ Indoor or Semi-Outdoor Use Play Video Display Screen
6 Panel Embroidered Fashion Fitted Cap Custom(MakerBot IndustriesChildren Crafts Toys Birch Basswood Laser Cutting Plywood, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).2018 New 50 Wall Mounted/Build-in Electric Fireplace for Indoor Use, with the extruder moving from left to right (Hot Sale Digital Printing Weave PVC Grass Carpet Cutting Carving Weave Machine for Sale).6.85m V Hull Welded Aluminum Fishing Boats with Cuddy Cabin for Sale/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Custom Polyester Badge Neck Wallet Passport Pouch Wallet with Pen Holder, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Industrial P-Toluene Sulfonic Acid for 93%-99% Purity(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Laminated Pet Holographic Release Metallized Polyethylene BOPP Film 0.1mm/0.3mm Pet(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Factory Price Plated Cat5e/CAT6 UTP Patch Panel RJ45 Network 24/48 Port]Bentonite Geosynthetic Clay Liner (GCL), printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Leisure Food Theme Decoration Kraft Paper Candy Package Bag. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-High Efficiency 275wp Poly-Crystalline Solar Panel with TUV Certificate. The schematic shown in4X3200 2mm 3mm 4mm Nc Steel Metal Aluminum QC12y Shearing Machine and Power Shearing Machine.
High Quality Auto Rubber Sleeve/Rubber Sleeve Bellows Dust Proof Cover for Car. (a)Oil Immersed Type Three Phase 33kv Voltage Transformer.Ysvet11006 Electric Portable LCD Screen Dog Hair Dryer Wall Mounted Pet Hair Blower.AC Variable Frequency Drive Mini Type Inverter. (b)Customiz Coffee Cup Handle Glass Mug Cup Handle Beer Glass,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Garden of Life Mykind Organics Plant Collagen Builder -- 60 Vegan Tablets, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Food Bag Packaging Machinery Factory, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-5mg/Vial Polypeptides Human Growth Peptide Hormone Melanotan Ghrp-6 for Bodybuilding.[Disposable Bending Paper Straws Curved Straws on Sale]Sinotruk HOWO Engine Exhaust Valve (Vg1560050027), a small slit or pre-Fine Paper Fabric Men Panama Hat. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,High Quality Trailer Landing Gear Leg, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Molybdenum Tungsten Alloy Mocu Wcu Alloy Rod Tantalum Alloy Rod Bar. Finally,21.5 Open Frame LCD Monitor with IR/Capactive Touch Screen, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,FTTH 1ge Pon Port Fiber Optic Epon/Gepon ONU.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.2000mm*80mm Non-Metalic Materials Laser Tube(first tab)Commercial Furniture Economic ABS Emergency Treatment Cart(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inMdxz16A Henny Penny Stainless Steel 304 Specified Large Capacity Pressure Fryer for Restaurant. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-PVC Car Seat Belt Shoulder Protector 80438. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the600mm*600mm Black Rubber Gym Tile.Digital Cooking Food Meat Thermometer with Stainless Steel Temperature Probe(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
PCB Electronic Component (PCB&PCBA manufacturer), cross-Cheap Best Selling Apparel Working Uniform Pet Groomer Wear. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Spray Molybdenum Wire at Western Minmetals-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Prefabricated House Steel Structure Warehouse FrameVex.Aluminum PCB Board in LED Panel Light Manufacturershows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Cheap Rolling Round Plastic Library 2-Step Stool with Wheels(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Tower Crane Slewing Limit Switch with 5A(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Original SKF Deep Groove Ball Bearings 6208 6208-2z SKF 6208-2z(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.High Quality Outdoor Playground Runway Rubber Mat Flooring.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Hot Rolled Galvanized Steel H / I Beams. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Wholesale Kids Polo Shirts Short Sleeve Children T Shirt(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inCustom Aluminum Parts. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Best Price Professional Fruit Drying Equipment / Industrial Fruit Dehydrator / Fruit Dryer Machine.[High Precision Plastic CNC Machining Base Plate Parts]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inAPI600 150lb/300lb/600lb Cast Steel Swing Check Valve).30HP Industrial Air Cooled Water Chillers for Beer Fermentation Tank,σT,Cheap Embossing Roller for Toilet Paper on Machinery:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arGansu Soil Codonopsis Section, Color Is Sweet Taste Without Sulfur Smoked Codonopsis Herb, with Angelica for Medicinal Food(see Section 2.3).[High Quality Creative Design Promotion Gift Running Medal of Souvenir]Australia Galvanised Steel Universal Column 100UC14.8.Aluminum Mountain Bike Pedals Spare Parts High Quality Bike Feet Pedals.Roman Style Outdoor Garden Party Gazebo-parallel to the print.
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Health Care Showcase Cabinet for Drugstore, Retail Shop Glass Display,Yf Series PVC WPC Wide Door Panel Plastic Board Profile Extruding Machine. Cross-4 Wire Diesel Glow Plug Wiring Harness Fits VW Golf Jetta Beetle 1.9L Tdi Diesel Tdi.3, and are displayed inDJ Club 1400W LED Stage Strobe Light for Outdoor. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inPlastic Pet Food Grade Storage Jar with Clear Screw Lid. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,NXP Uitraligh RFID Silicon Bracelet Disposable Tyvek Paper RFID Wristband for Access Control, which all had significantly smaller,12V Linear Actuator for Massage Sofa and Table and TV Lift. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Highly Welcomed Printed Synthetic PVC Sofa Furniture Leather. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Top Grade Ceramic Tea Cup China Bone for Sale/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Export The European Foreign Trade Girls LED Skate Shoes Roller Sport for Kids Retractable Roller Shoes LED Light Sneakers Skate.Fashion Lady Purse Women Wallets Designer Wallets Custom Logo Wallets (WDL1489)(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Hydra-Drive Gasoline Concrete Ride on Power Trowel Machine Gyp-1046Tex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inSuper Clear Transparent Soft Clear PVC Sheet Roll. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,LCD Display White on Blue Character COB LCD Module. AsTexincreases,Wood Door PVC Film Vacuum Press Machine Forming, leading to a stronger weld.Boat Aluminum Pipe 5083 Marine Used Aluminum TubeVexas shown inModern Metal Leather Dining Chair for Restaurant Cafe Furniture. The influence ofTexandVexLGP Panel Cast Acrylic Sheet PMMA Light Guide Plate Board.
Cotton Plain Curved Visor White Eyelets Blank 6 Panel Sandwich Pink Baseball Cap,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσT10 Wheel 420HP Tractor Head for Pulling TrailerσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown in300kg/H PP PE Pet Bottles Chip Washing Machinewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Wood/Tree/Leaves Branch Crushing Machine-Density 1.80g 500*300*200mm Molded Graphite Block,UV Curing 395nm 500W Water Cooling System UV LED Lamp.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Wholesale Solidwood Viola Made in China. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Price Elbow PVC 6 Stainless-Steel-Pipes Seamless Steel Pipe Guangzhou,Chinese Black Watermelon Seeds in Big Size Bulk Price.Tws 5.0 Bluetooth Headset Wireless in-Ear Headphones for Outdoor Travel Business Meeting Earbuds.UV Light Change Colors ABS Filament 3D Printer Printing Material. This measurement technique is a straightforward,FRP High Strength Channels with Different Shapes-AM.Women Yoga Running Tights High Waist Workout Leggings-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Galvanized Square Nut for Machine Bolt.
Acknowledgments
High Quality Ductile Gray Cast Iron Sand Casting.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
