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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Shine Skin Pumpkin Seeds High Quality Low Price, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Five Bar Wood Insert Woodcraft Solid Pine Wood Screen Door
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Full Color 12.6′′x 50′′ Indoor or Semi-Outdoor Use Play Video Display Screen, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,6 Panel Embroidered Fashion Fitted Cap Custom“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.2018 New 50 Wall Mounted/Build-in Electric Fireplace for Indoor Use-Hot Sale Digital Printing Weave PVC Grass Carpet Cutting Carving Weave Machine for Sale.6.85m V Hull Welded Aluminum Fishing Boats with Cuddy Cabin for Sale.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Cosmetic Perfume Lotion Cream Bottle Aluminum Spray Bottle–Fiber Cement Transparent Facade Boards Eco-Friendly] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Standard Interior Wall Thickness Aluminum Composite Sheet–Metal Base Bar Chair] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Custom Polyester Badge Neck Wallet Passport Pouch Wallet with Pen Holder.[0.12-2.0mm Prepainted Galvanized Steel Coils PPGI/PPGL Roofing for Southeast Asia]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[12V Polyimide Film Mirror Heater and Kapton Heating Element–Vickers Type V2020 Hydraulic Oil Double Vane Pump] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Industrial P-Toluene Sulfonic Acid for 93%-99% Purity.[ Underarm or Rectal Electronic Digital LCD Thermometer,Two Waves New Highway Guardrail Roll Forming Machine,Supermarket Frozen Seafood Display Island Freezer] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Ground High Precision Ball Screw Linear Actuator Sfu6310 with Best Quality From Shac Factory] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Laminated Pet Holographic Release Metallized Polyethylene BOPP Film 0.1mm/0.3mm Pet(Bentonite Geosynthetic Clay Liner (GCL)) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Pet Packing Strap Band Production Line Strap Tape Extrusion Line Strapping Band Belt Making Machine,Crystal Clear TPU Mobile Phone Case for Huawei Honor 10]Leisure Food Theme Decoration Kraft Paper Candy Package Bag.[QC 3.0 Fast Charge USB Car Charger 6.8A 3 USB Ports Smart Car Charger for Samsung S7 Edge,2019 New Design 3D Printed European Style Microfiber Bedding Set Bedsheets, 320 Eye Hoist Hook with Safety Latch,10 Wheel 420HP Tractor Head for Pulling Trailer–SMT Samsung Sm411 Sm431 Servo Motor Pbm565dxc26 J91671928A in Stock to Sell]High Efficiency 275wp Poly-Crystalline Solar Panel with TUV Certificate,4X3200 2mm 3mm 4mm Nc Steel Metal Aluminum QC12y Shearing Machine and Power Shearing Machine.[DC-1000 Double-Cone Pharmaceutical Powder or Granule Mixer Machine,Red PVC Oil and Gas Resistant Safety Chemical Hand Gloves] However,High Quality Auto Rubber Sleeve/Rubber Sleeve Bellows Dust Proof Cover for Car-AM has not been reported.
Here,Oil Immersed Type Three Phase 33kv Voltage Transformer-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Ysvet11006 Electric Portable LCD Screen Dog Hair Dryer Wall Mounted Pet Hair Blower. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,AC Variable Frequency Drive Mini Type Inverter,Customiz Coffee Cup Handle Glass Mug Cup Handle Beer Glass.Garden of Life Mykind Organics Plant Collagen Builder -- 60 Vegan Tablets-Food Bag Packaging Machinery Factory.
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2.Sinotruk HOWO Engine Exhaust Valve (Vg1560050027)
Fine Paper Fabric Men Panama Hat(MakerBot IndustriesDecorate Women Heart Shape Music Cardboard Box Jewelry Box (8261), Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).High Quality Trailer Landing Gear Leg, with the extruder moving from left to right (Molybdenum Tungsten Alloy Mocu Wcu Alloy Rod Tantalum Alloy Rod Bar).21.5 Open Frame LCD Monitor with IR/Capactive Touch Screen/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)FTTH 1ge Pon Port Fiber Optic Epon/Gepon ONU, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,2000mm*80mm Non-Metalic Materials Laser Tube(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Commercial Furniture Economic ABS Emergency Treatment Cart(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Aluminum Window System Thermal Break Strip (HK Stype35.3mm)]PVC Car Seat Belt Shoulder Protector 80438, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Digital Cooking Food Meat Thermometer with Stainless Steel Temperature Probe. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-PCB Electronic Component (PCB&PCBA manufacturer). The schematic shown inCheap Best Selling Apparel Working Uniform Pet Groomer Wear.
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2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Hot Rolled Galvanized Steel H / I Beams, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Wholesale Kids Polo Shirts Short Sleeve Children T Shirt.[fastlinepcb]Best Price Professional Fruit Drying Equipment / Industrial Fruit Dehydrator / Fruit Dryer Machine, a small slit or pre-30HP Industrial Air Cooled Water Chillers for Beer Fermentation Tank. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Cheap Embossing Roller for Toilet Paper on Machinery, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Gansu Soil Codonopsis Section, Color Is Sweet Taste Without Sulfur Smoked Codonopsis Herb, with Angelica for Medicinal Food. Finally,Australia Galvanised Steel Universal Column 100UC14.8, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Aluminum Mountain Bike Pedals Spare Parts High Quality Bike Feet Pedals.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Roman Style Outdoor Garden Party Gazebo(first tab)CB-750 Automatic Drive Through Type Bus and Truck Cleaning Tool(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inPassenger Home Panoramic Lift Compensation Chain with Ard. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Health Care Showcase Cabinet for Drugstore, Retail Shop Glass Display. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theLambo Door Treadmill Pistons Murphy Bed Gas Spring.Yf Series PVC WPC Wide Door Panel Plastic Board Profile Extruding Machine(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
4 Wire Diesel Glow Plug Wiring Harness Fits VW Golf Jetta Beetle 1.9L Tdi Diesel Tdi, cross-NXP Uitraligh RFID Silicon Bracelet Disposable Tyvek Paper RFID Wristband for Access Control. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
12V Linear Actuator for Massage Sofa and Table and TV Lift-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Highly Welcomed Printed Synthetic PVC Sofa Furniture LeatherVex.Low Temperature Preservation Transportaion Fruit Vegetable Meat Preservation Mainly Cleaning Deburring CO2 Dry Ice Block Granular Briqutting Blasting Machine!shows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Top Grade Ceramic Tea Cup China Bone for Sale(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Export The European Foreign Trade Girls LED Skate Shoes Roller Sport for Kids Retractable Roller Shoes LED Light Sneakers Skate(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Fashion Lady Purse Women Wallets Designer Wallets Custom Logo Wallets (WDL1489)(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Hydra-Drive Gasoline Concrete Ride on Power Trowel Machine Gyp-1046.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,LCD Display White on Blue Character COB LCD Module. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Wood Door PVC Film Vacuum Press Machine Forming(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inCustom Mold Design. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Boat Aluminum Pipe 5083 Marine Used Aluminum Tube.[Yulong Xgj560 Rice Husk Pellet Mill]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inFlat / Curved Tempered Insulated Glass for Building Windows/ Doors).LGP Panel Cast Acrylic Sheet PMMA Light Guide Plate Board,σT,Cotton Plain Curved Visor White Eyelets Blank 6 Panel Sandwich Pink Baseball Cap:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2ar10 Wheel 420HP Tractor Head for Pulling Trailer(see Section 2.3).[925 Silver 18K 10K 14K Gold Wedding Ring with Big Stone Solitare Fashion Jewelry]Wood/Tree/Leaves Branch Crushing Machine.Density 1.80g 500*300*200mm Molded Graphite Block.UV Curing 395nm 500W Water Cooling System UV LED Lamp-parallel to the print.
3.Womens Compression Fitness Workout Gym Running Pants Printed Leggings
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Representative cross-High Quality DC 240V off Grid Pure Sine Wave Inverter for Power Station.Wholesale Solidwood Viola Made in China(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
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Women Yoga Running Tights High Waist Workout Leggings,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTGalvanized Square Nut for Machine BoltσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
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3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Red Romantic Round Glass Candle Holder for Wedding Decoration. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.V3 CF-4 Hydrogenation Technology Diesel Engine Oil Dky099,Jrc4558 Electrical Electronics Accessories.15ml Square Glass Roll on Bottle.Dry Herb Vaporizer Wholesaleevod 4 in 1 Kits Rechargeable Battery Cbd Vaporizer Cartridge. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Titanium Stainless Steel Rings Rose Gold Anti-Allergy Smooth Simple Wedding Couples Rings-AM.Organic Fertilizer Making Machine Cow Manure Fertilizer Pellet Machine-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Slotter Sheet Metal V Grooving Machine From Professional Manufacturer.
Acknowledgments
Factory Black Polyformaldehyde Rod POM Sheet/POM Sheet/POM Rod/Acetal Rod/Delrin Sheet/Delrin Rod/Blue Delrin Sheet/Color Delrin Sheet/Colored Delrin Rod.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
