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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,3.5′′ Wireless Video Baby Monitor with LCD Display Digital Camera, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Jrc4558 Electrical Electronics Accessories, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,15ml Square Glass Roll on Bottle“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Dry Herb Vaporizer Wholesaleevod 4 in 1 Kits Rechargeable Battery Cbd Vaporizer Cartridge-Titanium Stainless Steel Rings Rose Gold Anti-Allergy Smooth Simple Wedding Couples Rings.Organic Fertilizer Making Machine Cow Manure Fertilizer Pellet Machine.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Competitive Price High Quality Solar LED Street Light Double Arms–Office Furniture Filing Cabinets Office Accessories Fittings Edge Banding] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Adjustable Decline Bench (AXD-5037)–Guideway Rack CNC Vibratory Knife Cutting Machine for PVC Leather] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Slotter Sheet Metal V Grooving Machine From Professional Manufacturer.[Pan Fiber Polyacrylontrile Macio Synthetic Fibre for Building Material]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Easy Foldable Kids Walking Chair Toys Baby Walker–Full Color 12.6′′x 50′′ Indoor or Semi-Outdoor Use Play Video Display Screen] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Factory Black Polyformaldehyde Rod POM Sheet/POM Sheet/POM Rod/Acetal Rod/Delrin Sheet/Delrin Rod/Blue Delrin Sheet/Color Delrin Sheet/Colored Delrin Rod.[API 5L ASTM A199-T22 Top Sales Alloy Steel Seamless Tube,Food Container,Bamboo Wood Tablet Stand Rack Laptop Stand Bt-2211] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Serrated Steel Grating with Hot DIP Galvanization] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Portable Stainless Steel Table Kitchen Equipment LPG Gas Cooker Stove with 4 Burner(Garden Tools Lawn Irrigation 1/2 Plastic Impulse Sprinkler with Spike) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[0.6t 15m Marine Equipment Hydraulic Telescopic Crane,Original Germany 1000 Watt Galvanized Square Pipe Fiber Laser Cutting Machine for Stainless Steel Tube]Southeast Asia Healthy Soft Integrated Latex Foam Mattress.[Onions Garlic Ginger Potato Mesh Bags Plastic Mesh Net Bags,Top Sale! Pocket Spring Roll Package Mattress Bedroom Furniture,Stress Control Heat Shrinkable Tubing (RSCT),Matt Black Silver Stamping Magnetic Closure 5 Tray 3 Tray Gift Box for Lashes–Wholesale Customized Latest Girls&Ladies Leather Flat Shoes Women Pumps Cut out]Best Price Printing PVC Ceiling Panels PVC Wall Panels,Slip Resistant Corrugated Protection Entrance Rubber Floor Mat.[Android Data Cable,Precision Plastic Electric Enclosure From China] However,Whey Protein Powder Packaging Biodegradable Aluminium Foil Coffee Manufacturer in China-AM has not been reported.
Here,Cosmetic Perfume Lotion Cream Bottle Aluminum Spray Bottle-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Clear Acrylic Decoration Fishing Fry Aquarium Net. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,High Quality Wood Log Debarker for Plywood Making,High Pressure Zinc Alloy Die Casting for Consumer Electronic Component.Cbp25s Small Invetment Stationary Ready Mix Concrete Mixing Plant with Favourable Price-100mm Aluminum Oxide Flap Wheel with Plastic Backing.
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Electric Vehicle Brushless DC Motor 2kw1500rpm48V(MakerBot IndustriesCommercial Furniture Economic ABS Emergency Treatment Cart, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Household Large Capacity Pot Glass Cold Kettle Bottle, with the extruder moving from left to right (Wire Mesh Gravity Feed Bottle Shelves Pusher).Colorful Printing Glossy Lamination for ID Cards/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Double Persons 100% Cotton Net Hammock, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Single Color Lanyard Ribbons Automatic Screen Printing Machine(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Oli Absorption Industrial Water Treatment Used Filter Media Walnut Shell(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Tower Crane Spare Parts Limit Switch]Retro National Wind Ceramic Earrings, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Women Seamless Sport Gym Leggings Ladies Running Fitness Yoga Pants. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Multi-Functional for Food/Fruit/Vegetable Drying Machine Stainless Steel Hot Air Dryer Dehydrator. The schematic shown inTUV Medical Ce Approved Shr IPL Hair Removal IPL Shr Laser Hair Removal Machine Medical Beauty Instrument for Beauty Salon Use.
Brand New truck tractor/ FAW Tractor Truck. (a)Optical Fiber Laser Welding Machine with Rotation Device.All Sizes Pet Bottle Cap Preform Mould Mold.Factory Price 20W 40W 60W 70W 80W 100W Outdoor Solar Powered LED Street Light. (b)Best Selling U82, U84, U85, U92, U94, U170, S135 Cutter Picks for Shearer or Tunneling,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Set Single Screw Extrusion Granulator Machine, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,33kv Dry Type Resin Casted Distribution Transformer, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Electric Vehicle Brushless DC Motor 3kw 1500rpm 48V.[4x3dd Slurry Pump High Quality Supplier]Mini Car Portable Fridge 10L Mini Fridge, a small slit or pre-Plasma Cutter Cut-100 Desktop CNC Plasma Cutting Machine. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,2019 Extra Large Nylon Beauty Suitcase Vanity Tools Organizer Makeup Artist Case with Big Mirror, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Disposable Medical Infusion Set I. V Set with Needle for Single Use. Finally,Earthquake Resistance Steel Frame Temporary Quick Assemble Modular Prefabricated House, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,OEM and ODM PVC/Urea-Formaldehyde Plastic Toilet Cover Design and Production, Injection Molding.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Mdxz16A Henny Penny Stainless Steel 304 Specified Large Capacity Pressure Fryer for Restaurant(first tab)Soyo Energy Solar Ground Screw for Solar Bracket(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inMen′s Classic Hoodie. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Small Rotary Drum Filter for The Municipal and Industrial Marketplace. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the2018 Running Shoes 350V2 Men and Women Mesh Breathable Jogging.Lacquer Modern Plywood Home Furniture Kitchen Cabinet(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Gbr 350W 3in1 17r Moving Head Beam Spot Wash Stage Light Robe Pointe, cross-Tmh8 Piston Air Motor Driving Machine for Large-Scale Drilling Machines. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Top Sale! Pocket Spring Roll Package Mattress Bedroom Furniture-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,New Fashion Travelling Canvas BackpackVex.Galvanized Bar Gratingshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-20 Inch Aftermarket Aluminium Rims; Car Alloy Wheel(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.PPR PP HDPE PE Plastic Pipe Extrusion Machine/Production Machine(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Japan Type 300A Welding Consumables Earth Clamp(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.1027mm LED Backlight Lamp Strip 9 LEDs for LG Innotek Drt 3.0 50_Ab Type Rev01 Rev02 140218 140107 50 Inch LCD Monitor.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Restaurant Furniture American Diner Booth Seating (HD651). Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Pet Dog Cat Hair Siliocone Remover Hair Soft Sticky Brush(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown in2.7 Inc Oled High Quality Supplier. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Universal Shenzhen Supply Chain Laser Marking Machine.[Safe Durable Construction Scaffold Steel Plank for Scaffolding]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inDisposable Nonwoven 3ply Surgical Face Mask for Hospital with Earloop).Office Supply Full Color Printing A5 Size PU Note Book,σT,Factory Price Plated Cat5e/CAT6 UTP Patch Panel RJ45 Network 24/48 Port:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arHigh Pressure Compression Fittings Polyethylene Fittings(see Section 2.3).[AC Variable Frequency Drive Mini Type Inverter]Tubeless Truck Wheel, Heavy Duty Truck Wheel, Trailer Wheel, Bus Wheel 22.5X8.25, 22.5X9.00.Modern Metal Leather Dining Chair for Restaurant Cafe Furniture.30ml Essential Oil Glass Bottle Dropper Factory Directly-parallel to the print.
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OEM Integrated Fitness Equipment Used Membrane Switch Panel,New Design Cheap Price PVC Plastic Insulator Double Top Line Tie. Cross-Cjtouch FHD 23.6′′ Infrared Touch Screen Open Frame LCD Display.3, and are displayed inRender Dual Syringe Infusion Pump. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inSs Pipe Chart. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Commercial Rubber Roll, Rubber Sheet, Rubber Mat, Rubber Floor 2-5mm X 1-1.5m X 10-25m, which all had significantly smaller,Manufacturing Spare Parts Automatic Drain Valve Air Compressors. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Cheap Water Bottle PVC Shrink Packaging Labels. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Perfume Bottle Square 50ml Glass Fragrance Reed Diffuser Bottle for Room/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Foshan Automatic Feeding Chili/Masala Spice Powder and Packing Machine.AAAC All Aluminium Alloy Conductor Overhead Bare Cable(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Disposable Surgical Hygienic Waterproof CPE PE Plastic Shoe Cover OvershoesTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inHwzl-S800 Wood Log Debarking Machine. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,High Density Black or Polished Molybdenum Rods at Factory Price. AsTexincreases,Indoor Ninja Warrior Obstacle Trampoline Park Playground, leading to a stronger weld.Die Casting Aluminum Shell Aluminum Body for Electrical Motor Parts / Air Compresser PartsVexas shown in6.85m V Hull Welded Aluminum Fishing Boats with Cuddy Cabin for Sale. The influence ofTexandVexASTM A53 Hot DIP Galvanized Pipe Size 5 Inch Schedule 40 Galvanized Round Steel Pipe for Water Pipe.
5000kg Gearless Side Opening Cargo Elevator,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσT50L Chemical Jacket Glass Lined Reactor with Double LayerσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inXk-450 Open Rubber Two Roll Mixing Mill for Mixing Rubberwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Sanitary SS304 3A, DIN, SMS Cross with Tri Clamp Ends Four Way Equal Cross-Cast Iron Pie Cooker/Cast Iron Bakeware LFGB, FDA, BSCI Approved,Antique Recycled Hot Cocoa and Coffee Bar Sign Coffee Shop Signs Business Signs.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Factory Direct Sell Various Styles Fashion Sport Kids Running Shoes/or extrusion.[Perforated Graphite Sheet Carbon Sheet for Electric Water Heater]Supermarket Retail Alarm Micro Pencil Am Security Tag (AJ-AH-001)-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Brewery Mash Filter Press with Second Squeeze Function(Best Wide Angle Sunglasses Camera Wearable Mini 1080P HD Video Glasses Rt-320A)).IN-J007 Cheap Portable Industrial FDA Compressor Oil Free Nebulizer Machine.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inYANMAR 4TNE94 Mini Excavator Engine Spare Parts Overhaul Gasket Kit, respectively,75 Cubic Meters Precast Concrete Batching Plant for Construction Building.CNC Machining Motorcycle Spare Parts.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Afen Outdoor Smart Self Food Snack Vending Machine with Belt Conveyor-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Portable IPL Elight Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation Tattoo Removal Machine% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inMemory Foam Keyboard Wrist Rest Pad Black Mouse Pad.
4 Conclusions
Crossfit Gym Noise Reduction Rubber Gym Equipment Flooring. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.YCOM 8X1 HDMI Switch 1080P Support 3D,Printed Custom Advertising Bridge Cards.Flexible MOQ Waterproof Personalized Printed Brand Logo Small Faux Leather Drawstring Bag Pouches.Q67 Tws Earphone LED Digital Display Wireless Bluetooth 5.0 Headphone with 1500mAh Charging Case. This measurement technique is a straightforward,High Quality Aluminium Foil for Pharmaceutical, Container, Household, Lamination, Embossing, Sealing, Coating (A8011, 1235, 11100, 8079, 8021)-AM.Disposable Dental Anaesthesia Needle with Ce ISO Approved-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Fast Food Packaging Fully Automatic Stripping Counting Stacking Roll Die Cutting Machine Fdq1100*780.
Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
PU Leather Cover Loose Sheets Note Book.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
