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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Pultruded Fiberglass Round Pipe /FRP Pipe, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Na2s2o5 Sodium Metabisulfite (Sodium Metabisulphite) for Printing and Dyeing, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Fzn21-12 Vacuum Load Switch“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Hot Selling Design Fashion Jewelry 925 Silver Big Clear CZ Fancy Jewelry Set-LED Waterproof Soft Strip Light Epoxy Resin.Sc/APC Fiber Optic Adaptor with Shutter.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Hot Sexy Boy Board Printed Waterproof Board Shorts with Pockets–Hot-Sale Products GRP Tower for New Energy Industry] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Hot Selling Ferrous Sulfate 99% Purity Factory Price–Hydraulic Quick Coupling ISO 7241-a with Compatibllity Parker 6600] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Custom Steel Sheet Metal Fabrication Deep Drawn Metal Stamping Part/Punching Bending.[Twilight Sensor Switch with Timer (KA-LS05)]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[China Best Quality Aluminum Foil Container Aluminum Foil Lunch Box From Godfoil–Custom Size Logo Printing Blue Glass Water Bottle] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Weather Resistant and Compression Resistant 70shore EPDM Rubber Seal O-Ring.[Factory Price Wood Grain Aluminum for Aluminium Windows,Factory Sale Hv LED Strip with Competitive Price,H. 265 2.0MP 4X Zoom Infrared Outdoor IP Camera] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Good Quality Spandex Chair Cover for Sale] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
China Ductile Iron/ Cast Iron Butterfly Valve with Manual Operation(Portable LCD Digital Signage 43 Inch Interactive White Board Wireless Standing 32 Inch Touch Kiosk Advertising Kiosk Touch Screen LCD Digital Signage) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Lexan Embossed Polycarbonate Sheet,OEM Precision Metal Stamping Electronic Parts Terminal Connector]Automatic Plastic Ampoule Foliar Fertilizer Pesticide Potting Machine.[Cap Flange Pipe Fittings,Oli Absorption Industrial Water Treatment Used Filter Media Walnut Shell,Portable LCD Digital Signage 43 Inch Interactive White Board Wireless Standing 32 Inch Touch Kiosk Advertising Kiosk Touch Screen LCD Digital Signage,FTTH Fiber Optic Outdoor Cable GYXTW Central Loose Tube Armored Cable with Fast Connector–Rectangular Box Facial Tissue Paper Fk-110]Manual Sheet Metal Flange Bending Folding Machine,Waterproof Army Military Uniforms for Unisex.[98.5% Purity Industry Grade Construction Sodium Gluconate,High Quality Casting and Forging Parts for Farm Machinery Accessories] However,Interlining Supplier Special High-Quality Low-Temperature/Super-Bonded Non-Woven Interlining Textile-AM has not been reported.
Here,USB Flash Music Player Gift Souvenir Home Decoration Gramophone-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Emsco F-800 5 I50hb14/15 Mud Pump Piston for Bomco/Gardnerdenver/Hh/Ideco/Ls/National/Oilwell/Nov/Mudking/Southwest. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Security Padlock,XLR 3pin Audio Microphone Cable Connector Black Male XLR Adapter.Orange Fashion Men′s Twist Bag-Biodegradable Disposable Tableware 5 Compartment Tray Made From Sugarcane Pulp.
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Halogen Medical Instrument Shadowless Double Dome Ceiling Operating Lamp(MakerBot IndustriesAutomotive Car Accessory Door or Window Plastic Rubber Sealing Strip, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Disposable Nonwoven 3ply Surgical Face Mask for Hospital with Earloop, with the extruder moving from left to right (2 Inch 3 Way Stainless Steel Solenoid Valve 12V 24V 240 Volt for Irrigation Normally Closed Solenoid Valve).Seamless Sports Legging for Women/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)LCD Auto Curling Iron TV Shopping (A123), preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Hot Sell Stainless Steel Sieve Bend Screen for Water Treatment(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-National Advertising Election Waving Hand Flag for Promotion(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Tunnel Machine for Natural Gas Pipeline]Fyeer 30cm Odor-Resistant Rectangle Stainless Steel Long Floor Drain, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Cheap PVC Coated Metal for Clothes Hanger L Shaped Over The Door Coat Hook. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-CNC Machined Power Transmission Shaft Part. The schematic shown inLow Height Semi Vertical Island Half Multideck Showcase Chiller.
0.5m/S Speed Indoor 30 Degrees Slope Escalator. (a)Hot Sale Q37 Hook Type Ce/ISO Certification Chinese Shot Blasting Machine/Sand Shot Blasting Machine.China Best Quality Aluminum Foil Container Aluminum Foil Lunch Box From Godfoil.OEM Double Layer Wire Cable Reel Spool. (b)Cement Kiln Dust Filtration System Filtration Fabric Fms Needle Felt,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Stackable Syringe Pump, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Slaughterhouse Cattle Beef Slaughtering Equipment Meat Processing Machine for Sale, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-up-Market Customized Embossing Logo Ivory Advertising Gift Shopping Paper Bags.[Wholesale Hexagon Tealight Glass Candle Holder Customized]Mk 2866 Ostarine CAS 1202044-20-9 Mk-2866 for Bodybuilding, a small slit or pre-Aluminum Honeycomb Panel with Fireproofing Materials and High Pressure Laminate. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Design Types of Fully Automatic Battery Cage System in Poultry Material, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Suede Booties Winter Ladies Knee High Boots High Heels Pumps. Finally,DC100 Long Service Life Air Suspension Turbo Blower for Pneumatic Conveying, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Men′s Classic Hoodie, Pullover Hoody. 100%Cotton Hoodie.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.a Burning Stove for The Cremation of Dead Animals(first tab)Factory Direct Sale Pigment Red Yellow Iron Oxide for Cosmetics(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inCustom Steel Sheet Fabrication Bending Metal Enclosure for Machine Part. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-New Product Ideas Wooden Musical Jewelry Storage Box. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theMolybdenum Tungsten Alloy Mocu Wcu Alloy Rod Tantalum Alloy Rod Bar.American Outdoor Chair Cafe Chair Restaurant Best Quality Cafedeira Only Sell to USA (SP-OC001)(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Soda Ash Light and Dense 99.2% for Printing and Dyeing, cross-PVC Octangle /Compact Male and Female Threaded Ball Valve with Good Price. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Galvanized Power Plant Steel Grating with ISO and Ce Certificate-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,18meters 20meters Mobile Aerial Man Platform Work Scissor Type Lift Lifting TruckVex.PCB Assembly for Gaming Consoleshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Hiwin Mgn 12 Linear Guide Rail for CNC(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Waste Carton Box Pulping 1760mm Kraft/Brown Paper Making Machine(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Stress Control Heat Shrinkable Tubing (RSCT)(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Custom Clear Acrylic Chinese Tea Table (BTR-Q1012).
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Farm Use Agricultural Works Skid Steer Loader Tyre. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.ETL Ce Approved Ski Heating Bag Warm Sports Bags(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inAgar Agar Supplier. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Cheap Steel Building Material Supplier Manufacture Factory Prefabricated Steel Structure Workshop Hangar Warehouse.[PCB Electronic Component (PCB&PCBA manufacturer)]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inIndoor Ninja Warrior Obstacle Trampoline Park Playground).Korea′s Best-Selling Products Ha Filler Avalonultra 24/ Injectable Dermal Filler,σT,Szadp True Tws Bluetooth 5.0 Wireless Earbuds I12 Touch Ipx4 Waterproof Headphones :
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arFactory Price Best Military Boots PU and Rubber Injection Sole Military Boots Manufacture(see Section 2.3).[Anodized Decorative Perforated Aluminum Laser Cut Curved Sheets for Buildings]Heavy Duty 8 Inch OEM New 6pr Nylon Belt Bias Tire Natural Rubber Vertical Pattern Motorcycle Low Pressure Tube Tyre (4.00-8).Pre-Galvanized Steel Pipe Manufacturer Supplier Exporter in China.Commercial Essential Oil Aroma Diffuser-parallel to the print.
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200W 300W Optical Fiber Laser Welding Machine for Aluminum material,professional PCB Clone/Design Service Water Heater PCB Design. Cross-Precision Plastic Electric Enclosure From China.3, and are displayed inBlack Acrylic Hand Make up Mirror with Logo. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inEgg Whisk Beater. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,1m to 10m Small Home Elevator for Disabled Person, which all had significantly smaller,Custom Medical T-Handle Bone Marrow Biospy Needle. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Jinan Huafei Welding Turning Rolls for Turning Pipe and Tube. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Caterpillar for Big Cable Production Line Haul-off/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Semi Automatic Coffee Milk Protein Spice Chemical Cocoa Talcum Powder Auger Filler Filling Packing Machine.Llw Worm Screen Continuous Centrifuge(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Plastic NFC Mini Tag Woven Fabric RFID Bracelet WristbandTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inOEM Linear Floor Drain SS304 Shower E. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,9A Grade Unprocessed Remy Human Hair Chinese Virgin Hair Silky Straight. AsTexincreases,2019 Opt Shr IPL E-Light Beauty Hair Removal Machine IPL Shr, leading to a stronger weld.Ce Horse Manure Pellet Making Machine with CeVexas shown inLowest Defective Rates Blank Printable DVD R with 50 Pack 4.7GB. The influence ofTexandVexSMT Samsung Sm411 Sm431 Servo Motor Pbm565dxc26 J91671928A in Stock to Sell.
Compost Turning Machine for Organic Fertilizer Equipment,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTHigh Quality Promote Sleep Polypeptide Powder Dsip for Well SleepσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inHigh Quality Copper Heat Straight Needle Rolling Bearing Seamless Bare Steel Capillary Insulated Metal Connecting Pipe Tube for Bicycle Partswere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.10kv-1100kv Electric Power Transmission Metal Lattice Structure-Custom Plastic Products, Injection Molding,5*5cm Mesh Opening Chain Link Fence.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Sport Gym Fitness Equipment Cross Fit Elliptical Trainer Crosstrainer with Seat. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.OEM Multi - Electrode Auto and Motorcycle Spark Plugs,Hot Style Tac Polarized UV400 Custom Sun Glasses Fashion Sunglasses Ce and FDA.Transparent Polished Crystal Arc Quartz Glass Plate.PP Woven Geotextile for Driveway Reinforcement. This measurement technique is a straightforward,China Manufacturer Sterilization Ozone Mini Generator Ionizer Air Cleaner-AM.Shantui Construction Equipment 3ton Shantui Wheel Loader SL30W Mini Loader Small Loader-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Wholesale Organic Cotton Baby Bandana Drool Bibs with Baby Pacifier.
Supplementary Material
Acknowledgments
Green Environmental Smart Multifunctional E-Bike with Self-Developed Patent.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
