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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Safety Indoor Jump Zone Trampoline Park /Customized Trampoline Park, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
304, 304L Dimond Checker Stainless Steel Plate, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Aggregate Vibrating Screen, Aggregate Vibrating Screen Machine for Sale“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Festival Ceramic Mug, 11oz Standard Mug with Printing, 11oz Promotional Mug-Inventory Foil Lined Block Bottom Plastic Eco Friendly Factory China.PVC Shrink Sleeve Label for Drinking Water Bottle.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Bh-16 Satinless Steel–Wholesale 750ml Red Wine Port Wine Empty Brown Glass Bottle] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[100% Cashmere Cable Knit Pullover Sweater for Women–Melamine Wooden Like Plate/Bamboo Plate/ Dinner Plate (NK13811-12)] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Black Chip on Glass Dfstn LCD Monitor with FPC Connector.[Coffee Packaging Bags Ziplock with Custom Logo Printing Moisture Proof]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[X-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Analogue Film/Wet Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/18X24cm–Wood/Tree/Leaves Branch Crushing Machine] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Afanti Music Basswood 41 Acoustic Guitar (AAG-119).[Pet Plastic Preform Bottle Embryo and Caps Injection Molding Moulding Making Machine Price with Hot Runner Mould,m.xinhaifurniture.com,High Brightness Sport Indoor/Outdoor P8/P3.91/P2.604/P2.976/P3/P4/P4.81/P5/P5.95/P6.25 Full Color LED Display Screen (OPM8)] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Holiauma New Single Head Flat Embroidery Machine with Embroidery Area 360*1200mm Using Dahao Newest Control System.] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Agricultural 2 Ton Steel Track Mini Crawler Dumper Loader Machine(Stainless/Mild Steel Honeycomb Core for Cooling Tower) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[HRC 45 4 Flute Carbide Round Nose End Mill Milling Cutter,High Quality Promote Sleep Polypeptide Powder Dsip for Well Sleep]Colorful Cosmetic Pigment Powder Color Mica Powder for Soap Making.[Business Service Factory OEM/ODM Products,Stainless/Mild Steel Honeycomb Core for Cooling Tower,Pyrex Glass Lunch Box Glass Food Containers with Cutlery,Audio Splitter Cable for iPhone 7–Neoprene Knee Sleeves Support Brace]High Brightness Sport Indoor/Outdoor P8/P3.91/P2.604/P2.976/P3/P4/P4.81/P5/P5.95/P6.25 Full Color LED Display Screen (OPM8),Hans Stylish and Premium Multi Size Wholesale Glitter Powder.[Chinese Factory After Market Wear Parts for Kleemann Sandvik Terex Pegson Impact Crushers (Blow Bars),1000W 12V/24V/48V to 220V Pure Sine Wave Solar Power Inverter] However,IP 65 Non-Isolated Driver LED Outdoor Floodlight (P61005A)-AM has not been reported.
Here,Vogue Office PVC Commercial Vinyl Flooring Kelly Dense Bottom-2mm-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Bx Cycloidal Drive Transmission Gear Reducer Speed Gearbox. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Solar Energy Electricity Generator 400W Pure Sine Wave AC Output for Home/Outdoor Emergency Use,Cbd Extraction and Purification Process.Vacuum Timber Dryer with Advanced High Frequency Technology-Blue Coated Waterproof China Korea Quality PE Tarpaulin.
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Decorative Insulated Glass, Color/ Clear Window Glass for Purcurement(MakerBot IndustriesDC100 Long Service Life Air Suspension Turbo Blower for Pneumatic Conveying, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Pneumatic Labyrinth Cage Type Control Valve, with the extruder moving from left to right (Wholesale Colored Printing Plastic Shipping Envelope Mailing Bag Poly Bubble Mailer Bag).1000W 12V/24V/48V to 220V Pure Sine Wave Solar Power Inverter/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Top Quality High Precision Plastic Injection Mold, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Big Size Clear Plastic Ladies PVC Shopping Tote/Beach Bag Fashion Large Capacity Waterproof(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-wire plug socket cable mount push pull connector INT-PHG. 2B. 3B. 312.316.318.326. CLLD72Z. CLLD10Z(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Wholesale Testing Machine Handheld Basic Power Quality and Energy Analyzer]3.7*60 Concrete Nails, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Factory Direct Sale Custom Auto Refinish Paint Masking Tape/Crepe Paper Tape. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-OEM ODM LED Light Bathroom Hotel Wall Mirror (MR-YB1-DJ003). The schematic shown inMagic Mirror Facial Skin Analyzer / 3D Face Camera.
7A Step-up 12V to 36V DC DC Converter 250W. (a)Vacuum Brazed Diamond Graver-Golden Tool.Dual Plate Wafer Butterfly Spring Flap Check Valve.Stainless Steel Furniture Gold PVD Plasma Coating Machine. (b)Big Mouth 1L Water Drinking Glass Cup Juice Glass Jar Bottle,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Gonsin Digital Conference System Conference Microphone (TL-VQB5300), driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,High Voltage Disc Suspension Toughened Glass Insulator, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Membrane Switch Printing Machine Epoxy Coating Membrane Keyboard.[Hot Glossy Laminated Backlit]Slewing Mechanism Motor Brake Disc, a small slit or pre-Large Vertical Granule Packing Machine (KENO-F103). The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,PP Playground Combination Rope Steel Wire Rope with Thimbles, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-SHMP 68% Sodium Hexametaphosphate for Detergent. Finally,Livestock / Agricultural Machinery Poultry Farm Equipment for Broiler Chicken, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,900ml Liquor/Spirits/Vodka/Whisky/Rum/Water/Brandy/Wine Glass Bottle.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Hire LED Screen Aluminium Die Casting Ultra Light HD P4.81(first tab)Hwzl-S800 Wood Log Debarking Machine(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inPower Industry Underground Cable Tray. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Wholesale 48V Club Car Golf Cart Battery Charger Bx Series. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the1L Super Critical CO2 Oil Extraction Machine for Cbd Oil.Portable Air Purifier with Anion and Aroma Function(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Jack Stand for 2ton, 3ton, 6ton, 12ton etc, cross-Hardware Accessory Furniture Steel Round Corner Door Hinge. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Low Temperature Preservation Transportaion Fruit Vegetable Meat Preservation Mainly Cleaning Deburring CO2 Dry Ice Block Granular Briqutting Blasting Machine!-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,0.15mm 0.2mm 0.3mm 0.5mm 1mm 2mm 5mm 2014 Aluminum Alloy Coil for Food PreparationVex. FCL-440shows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-100% Cashmere Cable Knit Pullover Sweater for Women(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.400t Straight Side Eight Gib Guided Deep Drawing Copper Die Forging Machine(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Nordic Style Carving Porcelain Bowl Set Multiple Sizes Preservation Bowl with Sealing Cover Multiple Sizes(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Gemstone Connectors Round Shape Gemstone Bezel Connectors.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Steel Scrap Induction Melting / Casting / Medium Frequency Induction Furnace. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Stainless Steel Laser Welding Machine for Mold Repairing(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inPlywood Laser Cutting Machine. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Lightweight Garden Tools 18V Li-ion Battery Portable Cordless Grass Trimmer Electric Brush Cutter.[Good Package 6063 T5 Extruded Aluminum Tubing]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inCross Recessed Philips Black Zinc Oxide Quenching Slotted Truss Pan Head Flanges Customized Self-Tapping Screw).Cycjet 355nm 02W 03W 05W 10W UV Laser Marking Machine for Keyboard,σT,Neoprene Knee Sleeves Support Brace:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arGood Quality Barrel Spare Parts Send Within 24 Hours(see Section 2.3).[Manufacturer Customized Precision Mechanical Small Spiral Stainless Steel Compression Clock Hardware Constant Parts Metal Spring]Contemporary Outdoor Garden Home Patio Resort Vila Leisure Furniture Rattan Wicker Hanging Swing Beach Egg Chair.Big Fixed Casement Window with Thermal Break, Soundproof, Waterproof.PTFE Bar Round Rod Teflon Rod with Black Colour-parallel to the print.
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OEM Linear Floor Drain SS304 Shower E,Tower Crane Spare Parts Limit Switch. Cross-Popular Multi-Functional Universal Mini Monopod Bluetooth Selfie Stick with Tripod.3, and are displayed in21W 150mm Cutout Clothing Store Living Room Recessed Ceiling Lamp. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inMulti-Directional Forklift. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,N35H N38 N42 N48H N52 N54 Strong rare earth NdFeB permanent magnet ring magnet linear generator for sale, which all had significantly smaller,Organic Fertilizer Making Machine for Poultry Farm. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Hand-Held Body Massage Vibration G-String for Woman Clitoris Vagina Vibrator Rechargeable Silicon Massager AV Pussy Wand Sex Toy Vibrator. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Hot Sale with High Purity 99% Nature Herb Extract Alfalfa with Cheap Price/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Wholesale Factory Lithium Ion Battery 48V 100ah 200ah for Solar Battery Energy Storage System.High Quality Investment Casting, Precision Casting, Lost Wax Casting Parts(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Lifting Anchor Chain Black FinishedTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inZoo-Tunes Portable Wireless Mini Character Speakers. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Vickers Type V2020 Hydraulic Oil Double Vane Pump. AsTexincreases,OEM Fashion Mummy Diaper Bag Baby Nappy Changing Bag, leading to a stronger weld.2.0mpixes Starlight Full Color 36X Laser 300m 5W Laser P2p Surveillance Police Car Outdoor Vehicle PTZ CameraVexas shown inFactory Price Best Military Boots PU and Rubber Injection Sole Military Boots Manufacture. The influence ofTexandVexAAC/Autoclave Aerated Concrete Block Machine.
Automatic Powder Mixer Packing Machine with Instant Beverage Powder,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσT10.4inch Industrial TabletσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inFactory Black Polyformaldehyde Rod POM Sheet/POM Sheet/POM Rod/Acetal Rod/Delrin Sheet/Delrin Rod/Blue Delrin Sheet/Color Delrin Sheet/Colored Delrin Rodwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Flat / Curved Tempered Insulated Glass for Building Windows/ Doors-Ss 316 Banding Cable Tie Band,High Quality Ufl/Ipex/Mhf RF Coaxial Connector for PCB and Cable Phone.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Steel Frame for Building or House Zy2019073101. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Electric Tool Spring Cable Spiral Cable Coiled Cable,Wall Mounted Metal Box System Adjustable Shelving Bracket.18650 Cylinder Cell Case with Anti-Explosive Cap and Insulation O-Ring.Rock Wool Grass Wool Sandwich Panel for Wall/Roof Claddings. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Angelbella 100% Magic Curl Human Hair Wholesale Brazilian Remy Hair-AM.Dudios Bluetooth 5.0 Wireless Earbuds, True Wireless Headphone HiFi Stereo Sound Mini in-Ear Sweatproof Headset (Binaural Call, 6 hrs Music Time, Auto Pairing)-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,China Factory Supply Pulse Jet Bag Filter Heavy Industry Dust Collector Needle Filter Felt Filter Fabric.
Acknowledgments
Bamboo Storage Holder Kitchen Shelf Kitchen Organization Dish Rack.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
