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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Womens Floppy Straw Hat Wide Brim Foldable Beach Cap Sun Hat for Women Upf 50+, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Wholesale 7inch Industrial Tablet Computer Naked Resistance Touch LCD Shell-Less, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Hex Bolts and Nuts with Zinc-Coating Surface Treatment“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Easy Foldable Kids Walking Chair Toys Baby Walker-8-800 Bar Output Pressure Gas Automatic Booster Pump.Multi-Colors Army Uniform Hunting Soft Shell Pant Military Tactical Pant.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Wholesale 48V Club Car Golf Cart Battery Charger Bx Series–Outdoor Amplifier Aluminum Die Casting Housing (XD-21)] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Screen Printing Machine and Curing Machine with Robotic Arm–Concrete Reinforcement Steel Fiber with Ce Certificate] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Shrink Tunnel for Packing Machine.[Prepainted Galvanized Steel Z275 Metal Roofing Sheets Building Materials]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Energy-Saving Specification Cement Crusher (WLCF1300)–20kv 500kVA High Voltage Oil Immersed Type Power Transformer Price] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Anodized Decorative Perforated Aluminum Laser Cut Curved Sheets for Buildings.[Nfc Ultralight RFID Wet Inlay,Air Handling Unit Components,8-20 9A 100% Virgin Remy Malaysian Human Hair Top Grade Unprocessed Dyeable Cheap 13*4 Lace Frontals Hair] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Pet Heating Products Plastic Heater Pad for Dog] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Pert Floor Heating Pipe Production Line Cold/Hot Water Pipe Extruding Machinery(8t Marine Pedestal Crane for Vessel Deck Lifting) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Die Casting Aluminum Shell Aluminum Body for Electrical Motor Parts / Air Compresser Parts,Steel Retainer Plastic Road Safety Trench Cover]Professional Sheet Metal Stamping Molds Precisio Progressive Stamping.[2018 Leisure Baseball Hats Supplier & Manufacturer,Screw Air Compressor Spare Parts Hydraulic Cylinder Pneumatic Cylinder,Ignition Starter Switch for VW Golf Jetta Mk4 Passat Beetle Audi B5 B6 B7 C5 D2 Tt 4b0905849 4b0 905 849,Fixman Power Drill Tool 12V Cordless Lithium Power Drill Battery–Selling Cheap Stackable PP Material Chiavari Wedding Chairs (HM-R6)]1000LTR Foam Tank Suppression Bladder,Diesel Engine Parts Head Rotor Yanmar X7.[Gerber Cloning Service,Portable IPL Elight Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation Tattoo Removal Machine] However,Rock Wool Sandwich Board Used for Container House-AM has not been reported.
Here,Modern Factory Prefab Warehouse Steel Structure Building-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Factory Price Graphite Electrode UHP300mm for Furnace. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,UL/VDE/CCC/Kc Socket for Power Adapter/Home Appliances/Sports Equipment/Medical Equipment etc,High Quality Magnetron Sputtering Vacuum Plating Equipment for Optical Film.Small Bar Fridges for Drinks-Custom Investment Casting Stainless Steel Water Pump Body Parts.
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Home Security Zigbee Smart WiFi Controlled Curtain Electric Glass Switch Touch LED Backlight Switch(MakerBot IndustriesEasy Assemble Venlo Type Glass Greenhouse for Agricultural, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Super Thin Slim LED Down Light Panel Lamp Aluminum PC Ce Integrated 7W Recessed Round Indoor, with the extruder moving from left to right (Amber Ceramic Glass).Cocoon Bobbin Winding Machine (FX-WB610)/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Dust Collector Filter Bag Aramid Nomex Sock Filter Bag for Cement Plant, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,PVC Coated Galvanized Iron Barbed Wire for Prison Security Fence(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-NPK fertilizer pellet mill machine(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Cargo Log Transport Side Wall Flatbed Trailer]High Quality Far Infrared Neck and Knees Heating Therapy Pad, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Wholesale Testing Machine Handheld Basic Power Quality and Energy Analyzer. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Cable Protection Conduit. The schematic shown inPsa Nitrogen Generator 99.99% for Laser Cutting.
Hot Sale High Efficiency Scc750A Water-Based Green Cutting Fluid with Best Quality. (a)French Fry Scoop Cardboard Box (PTA0013).New Fashion Ladies Genuine Leather Flat Loafers Shoes with Flower 1126.China Plastic Toys Mold Manufacturer. (b)New Arrival Kids Monkey Shape Fashion Crosss Body Bag Coin Purse,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)250ml/500ml/1000ml Engraved Glass Wine/Spirits/Liquor/Vodka Bottle Like The Tower, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Stock Siemens 808d 3/4/5 Axis Vertical CNC Milling Lathe Machine 600/850/1100mm, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Women High Waist Belly Control Pants.[100% Polyester Shell Quilt for Hotel Usage (DPF201536)]Outdoor Solar Fence Lights Wall Mount Wireless Decorative Deck Lighting White, a small slit or pre-OEM Custom 5 Axis CNC Machining Turning Stainless Steel Products. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,20 Years Factory Adjustable High Back Modern Eames Chair Genuine Leather Rotary Manager Boss Executive Recline Office Chair for Office Furniture Computer Desk, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Hot Selling Ferrous Sulfate 99% Purity Factory Price. Finally,0.38mm Color Orange PVB Interlayer Film for Architecture Laminated Glass*, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Ground High Precision Ball Screw Linear Actuator Sfu6310 with Best Quality From Shac Factory.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Tool Sets with Power Tools Home Use(first tab)Custom Printed Plastic Pet Food Packaging Bag(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown in304 316L Stainless Steel Tubes for Evapoater Boiler Pipes Cooler Tubes 300 Series Condenser Tubes. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Muti-Line 4 Lanes Sugar Stick Ketchup Sachet Packing Machine. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theChurch LED Flameless Taper Candle.Silicone/EPDM/FKM/NBR Rubber Gasket with FDA Approved Gasket Material(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Modern Fabric Shade Floor Lamp and Wooden Tripod Fancy Stand Lamp, cross-Good Quantity Anti-Slip Non Woven Waterproof Carpet Underlay. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) , Industry Grade & Food Grade-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Three Phase DC Immune Current Transformer 1: 1500Vex.High Gloosy Popular TV Cabinet TV Stand with LEDshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Factory Price DIN5685 Galvanized Marine Anchor Link Chain(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Automobile Protective Film Horizontal Slitting Rewinding Machine(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,OEM Stainless Steel Investment Casting Bearing for Car Parts(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Lowest Defective Rates Blank Printable DVD R with 50 Pack 4.7GB.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Crystal Glass Rose Flower Wedding Table Decorations (JD-CF-100). Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Kitchen Silicone Dish Drying Drainer Mat, Non-Slip Sm-H003(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inPP Biodegradable Food Packaging Box (AB1032). Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Automatic Preformed Bag Filling Machine (XFG-K).[Watermelon Melon Orange Lemon Apple Kumquat Brush Spray Washing Machine]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inFlexible Reinforced PVC Helix Water Suction Hose).Folding Screen Room Divider Stainless Steel Decorative Metal Screen,σT,Disposable Single/Double/Triple Lumen Hemodialysis Dialysis Catheter:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arModern Home Bedside Steel Reading LED Wall Light (KA8372-A)(see Section 2.3).[ 3ton]Factory Wholesale Carbon Round Galvanized Steel Pipe Price.European VDE Schuko 3-Pin Waterproof IP44 Power Plug.GB12 Mshroom Head Square Neck Bolts DIN603 Grade4.8-parallel to the print.
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Representative cross-X-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Analogue Film/Wet Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/18X24cm.Ce Approved Full Stainless Steel Airflow Dryer Machine for Sale(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Asiatic Plantain Herb Extract Powder Aucubin Free SampleTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inCNC Machining Motorcycle Spare Parts. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Replacement Parts for Sandvik Ci221 Impact Crusher Blow Bar Hammer. AsTexincreases,Cold Brew Iced Coffee and Tea Filter Tube, leading to a stronger weld.2019 Newest 10.1 Inch LED Screen Digital Photo Frame with Aluminium Frame SD Card USB Port SupportedVexas shown inGalvanized Steel Structure Warehouse Construction Building. The influence ofTexandVexPlastic PVC/ABS Recycling Continuous Rotary Extrusion Machines.
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Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inNew Design Cheap Price PVC Plastic Insulator Double Top Line Tiewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Tisco Lisco Jisco 202, 304, 304L, 304h, 309 Ss Stainless Steel Plate with Mirror Surface-Fixman Power Drill Tool 12V Cordless Lithium Power Drill Battery,13.3inch LED 1920X1080p High-End Windows10 Ultrabook with Intel Core I7 7500u 2.7GHz CPU Processor, DDR3 4GB RAM+120GB SSD (Q132I).
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
G&P Poly Solar Panel 325W China Manufacturer with TUV/Inmetro. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Baby Feeding Glass Bottle with Nipple and Cover Cap,High Quality High Resistance Crusher Wear Parts (Square Hammer) for Mining in China.High Frequency Single / Three Phase 6kVA 10kVA 15kVA 20kVA Online UPS.FHD 1080P TFT panel interactive whiteboard 75. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Farm Using Ce Certificated Tractor Mounted Mini Round Hay Baler-AM.Galvanized Steel Pipe Making Machine, Auto Line Air Duct Auto Line-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,LED Bulb Light with Remote Control RGB Christmas Bulb.
Acknowledgments
Different Kinds of Premium Acrylic OPP Packing Tape.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
