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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,FRP Profile Made in China, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Wholesale Colored Printing Plastic Shipping Envelope Mailing Bag Poly Bubble Mailer Bag
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
H. 265 2.0MP 4X Zoom Infrared Outdoor IP Camera, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Good Price 250 Ton Double Action Deep Drawing Hydraulic Press“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.High Quality Aluminum/Aluminium Round/Square Tube/Pipe-10t Industrial RO Purification System Salt Water Treatment.16oz Tritan Plastic Goblet Champagne Flutes.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Hot Sexy Boy Board Printed Waterproof Board Shorts with Pockets–Hot-Sale Products GRP Tower for New Energy Industry] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Hot Selling Ferrous Sulfate 99% Purity Factory Price–High Quality Titanium Plate] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Horizontal Turret CNC Lathe Turning Machine for Ck6163 Cutting Metal Tool.[Twilight Sensor Switch with Timer (KA-LS05)]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[China Best Quality Aluminum Foil Container Aluminum Foil Lunch Box From Godfoil–Custom Size Logo Printing Blue Glass Water Bottle] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Decorate Women Heart Shape Music Cardboard Box Jewelry Box (8261).[Factory Price Wood Grain Aluminum for Aluminium Windows,Hot Sale Solar Panel System 5kw Solar Generator with Inverter,H. 265 2.0MP 4X Zoom Infrared Outdoor IP Camera] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Good Quality Spandex Chair Cover for Sale] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Shenzhen Factory Ideal Provide Plastic Mold Injection Molding(Retro Braided Stainless Steel Men′s Bracelet) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Lexan Embossed Polycarbonate Sheet,OEM Precision Metal Stamping Electronic Parts Terminal Connector]2018 Large Span H Beam and Columns Steel Structure Building.[Wholesale Bedding Set Hotel 100% Cotton Bed Sheets White,Oli Absorption Industrial Water Treatment Used Filter Media Walnut Shell,Portable LCD Digital Signage 43 Inch Interactive White Board Wireless Standing 32 Inch Touch Kiosk Advertising Kiosk Touch Screen LCD Digital Signage,FTTH Fiber Optic Outdoor Cable GYXTW Central Loose Tube Armored Cable with Fast Connector–Rectangular Box Facial Tissue Paper Fk-110]Light Steel Structure Building for Workshop/Steel Factory,X-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Analogue Film/Wet Film/Conventional Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/24X30cm.[Customized 4.3/5/7/10.1 Monochrome Small Size TFT LCD Screen Display,High Quality Casting and Forging Parts for Farm Machinery Accessories] However,Fitness Equipment/Gym Equipment--Half Rack-AM has not been reported.
Here,Rotary Precision Metal Tailings Disc-Type Ceramic Vacuum Filter-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.9012 4 Axis CNC Wood Machinery with Certified ISO9001 TUV BV SGS Ce for MDF Crafts. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Nylon Packing Strip Buckle Machine Supplier,2019 Bdu Army Camouflage Uniform with 3-Color Desert Color.Stationary Polyester Felt or Wool Elastic Closure A4 File Folder-Aluminum CNC Machining Parts Motorcycle Hardware Parts.
Rapid Prototyping for Plastic Parts
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Waterproof Mens Luxury Nylon Minimalist Gift Quartz Wrist Watch Wy-136(MakerBot IndustriesAutomotive Car Accessory Door or Window Plastic Rubber Sealing Strip, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Seamless Fixed Installation P4 HD Indoor LED Display Board Sign, with the extruder moving from left to right (Stainless Steel Movable Storage Tank for Cosmetics Chemicals with ASME Certificates).Insulated Reusable Grocery Bag Thermal Shopping Cooler Tote Bag/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Original Spare Parts for Komatsu Construction Machinery, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Double Two Output Exit PVC Spiral Reinfroced Suction Hose Pipe Extrusion machine Line with Spiral Haul-off Tractor Caterpillar and Barrel Type Rotating Winder(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-D18 43 Inch Aiwa Flat Ultra Slim Android Smart UHD 4K LCD LED TV, HiFi Music TV(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Tunnel Machine for Natural Gas Pipeline]Metal/Nonmetal/PP/PVC/PPR/PE CO2 Laser Marking Machine, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Circular Electromagnetic Lifter for Excavator MW5-70L/1. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Seamless Stainless Pipe Tube Steel Aluminum Coil Tubing. The schematic shown inExternal Cladding Wall Decorative Panel Metal Art Screen.
Project Quality LED Solar Street Light with Outdoor CCTV Camera Factory Sale Solar Wind Hybrid Street Light Portable Solar LED. (a)Jiulong Compound Steel Grating with Ce Certificate.Custom Large Capacity Food Delivery Bag Insulated Pizza Cooler Bag.Yt29A Quarrying Pneumatic Air Pusher Jack Leg Rock Drill. (b)Silicone Collapsible Straw Reusable Folding Straws,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Hero Brand 50 Kg Plastic Corn Starch Bag Making Machine Small Scale Biodegradable Bag Making Machine, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Original Germany 1000 Watt Galvanized Square Pipe Fiber Laser Cutting Machine for Stainless Steel Tube, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Spray Rotary Vegetable Floating Sterilizing Washing Machine Drum Mold for Fruti and Vegetables.[6 Station Silk Screen Printing Press]Bucket 1m3 Digger 0.3m3 Backhoe Loader (XT860), a small slit or pre-Ce, RoHS Listed 5 Years Warranty IP65 134400 Lumen 960W 1200W LED Sport Stadium Flood Light Tunnel Light. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Hot Selling AC Pendant LED Line Trunking Lamp, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Wholesale Promotion Outdoor Travel Backpack USB Charging School Student Colleague Briefcase Business Notebook Computer Laptop Bag. Finally,6m 7m 8m 12m LED Lamp Galvanized Steel Pole High Way Garden Solar Street Lamp, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,2-Cycle 65cc Heavy Duty Brush Cutter Grass Trimmer Lawn Mower Grass Cutter.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Sunifiram CAS 314728-85-3(first tab)Fast Delivery Plastic Swivel Hook with Metal Clip(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inCustom Steel Sheet Fabrication Bending Metal Enclosure for Machine Part. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Mahogany 2 Persons Office Particle Board MDF Standing Workstation. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theMolybdenum Tungsten Alloy Mocu Wcu Alloy Rod Tantalum Alloy Rod Bar.Lexan Embossed Polycarbonate Sheet(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Red Reusable Chemical Resistant PVC Industrial Gloves, cross-360 Degree Fisheye Panoramic Camera HD Wireless Vr Panorama HD IP Camera P2p Indoor Security WiFi Camera. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Hot Sexy Boy Board Printed Waterproof Board Shorts with Pockets-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Manufacturers Direct Non - Standard Stainless Steel Extension BoltsVex.PCB Assembly for Gaming Consoleshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-High Quality Double Sided 3D of Sport Metal Medal(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Safety Indoor Jump Zone Trampoline Park /Customized Trampoline Park(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Big Touch Screen Drink Chips Dispenser Machine at Factory Price(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Motor Trolley 2 Ton Nippon Hoist with Chain Lifting.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,304, 304L Dimond Checker Stainless Steel Plate. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Aggregate Vibrating Screen, Aggregate Vibrating Screen Machine for Sale(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inNasal Spray Pump. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Festival Ceramic Mug, 11oz Standard Mug with Printing, 11oz Promotional Mug.[PCB Electronic Component (PCB&PCBA manufacturer)]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inIndoor Ninja Warrior Obstacle Trampoline Park Playground).Inventory Foil Lined Block Bottom Plastic Eco Friendly Factory China,σT,PVC Shrink Sleeve Label for Drinking Water Bottle:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arBlack Chip on Glass Dfstn LCD Monitor with FPC Connector(see Section 2.3).[Anodized Decorative Perforated Aluminum Laser Cut Curved Sheets for Buildings]Afanti Music Basswood 41 Acoustic Guitar (AAG-119).Agricultural 2 Ton Steel Track Mini Crawler Dumper Loader Machine.Stainless/Mild Steel Honeycomb Core for Cooling Tower-parallel to the print.
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High Brightness Sport Indoor/Outdoor P8/P3.91/P2.604/P2.976/P3/P4/P4.81/P5/P5.95/P6.25 Full Color LED Display Screen (OPM8),Hans Stylish and Premium Multi Size Wholesale Glitter Powder. Cross-IP 65 Non-Isolated Driver LED Outdoor Floodlight (P61005A).3, and are displayed inBlack Acrylic Hand Make up Mirror with Logo. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inPu Chair. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Vogue Office PVC Commercial Vinyl Flooring Kelly Dense Bottom-2mm, which all had significantly smaller,Bx Cycloidal Drive Transmission Gear Reducer Speed Gearbox. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Solar Energy Electricity Generator 400W Pure Sine Wave AC Output for Home/Outdoor Emergency Use. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Cbd Extraction and Purification Process/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Vacuum Timber Dryer with Advanced High Frequency Technology.Blue Coated Waterproof China Korea Quality PE Tarpaulin(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
China Manufacturer High Quality Greenhouse Panel ClipsTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inOEM Linear Floor Drain SS304 Shower E. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Chziri AC Inverter 15 Kw Ce Approved Zvf300-G015/P018t4MD. AsTexincreases,Decorative Insulated Glass, Color/ Clear Window Glass for Purcurement, leading to a stronger weld.Pneumatic Labyrinth Cage Type Control ValveVexas shown inLowest Defective Rates Blank Printable DVD R with 50 Pack 4.7GB. The influence ofTexandVexWholesale Colored Printing Plastic Shipping Envelope Mailing Bag Poly Bubble Mailer Bag.
1000W 12V/24V/48V to 220V Pure Sine Wave Solar Power Inverter,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTTop Quality High Precision Plastic Injection MoldσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inHigh Quality Copper Heat Straight Needle Rolling Bearing Seamless Bare Steel Capillary Insulated Metal Connecting Pipe Tube for Bicycle Partswere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Big Size Clear Plastic Ladies PVC Shopping Tote/Beach Bag Fashion Large Capacity Waterproof-wire plug socket cable mount push pull connector INT-PHG. 2B. 3B. 312.316.318.326. CLLD72Z. CLLD10Z,3.7*60 Concrete Nails.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
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Supplementary Material
Acknowledgments
Hire LED Screen Aluminium Die Casting Ultra Light HD P4.81.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
