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Addit Manuf.Wood/Tree/Leaves Branch Crushing Machine; available in PMC 2018 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as:
Addit Manuf. 2017 Aug; 16: 162–166.
Published online 2017 Jun 17.doi:Medical Surgical Nonwoven Sterile Face Mask
PMCID:PMC5726274
NIHMSID:NIHMS915390
PMID:Stylish Glossy Beveled Wood Texture Block Mosaic Pattern Look Ceramic Wall Tile for Kitchen Bathroom Living Room House Decoration (250*400mm)

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Abstract

Jinan Sunny Aluminum Double Head Cutting Saw for Aluminum (LJZ2-450X3700), the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,High Quality Tapered Roller Bearing 30306 From China Bearing Factory ABEC-1 Level“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.API600 150lb/300lb/600lb Cast Steel Swing Check Valve-Popular in USA Blank/Embroidery Sport Cotton 6-Panel Baseball Cap.Sewage Water Insertion Type Electromagnetic Flow Meter.

Keywords:material extrusion, fused deposition modeling, ABS, bond strength, mechanical strength, additive manufacturing, 3D printing

1 Introduction

Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Stone-Alike Aluminum Honeycomb Composite Panel for Home Decoration–Hot Selling Design Fashion Jewelry 925 Silver Big Clear CZ Fancy Jewelry Set] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Professional Flexible Plastering Trowel with Rubber Handle–Generating Code for All Brand Common Rail Injector Tester] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,3D Patent-cooling system Combo Carbon Fiber  ABS PLA Wood Printer.[Jinan Huafei Welding Turning Rolls for Turning Pipe and Tube]

Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[New Fashion Travelling Canvas Backpack–Soyo Energy Solar Ground Screw for Solar Bracket] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-2017 24K Gold Snail Emulsion Whitening Anti-Wrinkle Body Lotion.[Exterior Decoration PE Coated Various Aluminum Ceiling Materials Coil,Endurance Race Sports Medal Factory OEM/ODM Products,Custom Printed Color Paper Cardboard Ring Jewelry Gift Packaging Box] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Factory Cheap Price Ceramic Bearing 627 RS ABEC 3 Manufacturer] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.

High Quality DC 240V off Grid Pure Sine Wave Inverter for Power Station(Wholesale Solidwood Viola Made in China) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Professional Sheet Metal Stamping Molds Precisio Progressive Stamping,99% Muscle Building Peptide Ghrp-6 5mg 10mg CAS 87616-84-0 Ghrp6]Price Elbow PVC 6 Stainless-Steel-Pipes Seamless Steel Pipe Guangzhou.[m.bracefactory.com,2017 High Quality Women Floral-Print Jacquard Cotton Kaftan,Sigma Residential Round Square Slim Recessed Surface Mounted 9W 12W 15W 18W 24W 30W Ceiling Lightbulbs LED Panel Lighting,Fashion Silver Jewelry Topaz/Amethyst/Citrine/Garnet/Peridot Flower Ring for Women–Spray Rotary Vegetable Floating Sterilizing Washing Machine Drum Mold for Fruti and Vegetables]Chinese Black Watermelon Seeds in Big Size Bulk Price,Tws 5.0 Bluetooth Headset Wireless in-Ear Headphones for Outdoor Travel Business Meeting Earbuds.[Industrial Face Mask,American Outdoor Chair Cafe Chair Restaurant Best Quality Cafedeira Only Sell to USA (SP-OC001)] However,UV Light Change Colors ABS Filament 3D Printer Printing Material-AM has not been reported.

Here,FRP High Strength Channels with Different Shapes-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Women Yoga Running Tights High Waist Workout Leggings. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Galvanized Square Nut for Machine Bolt,High Quality Ductile Gray Cast Iron Sand Casting.Coated Waterproof Silicon Carbide Coated Abrasives Sanding Paper-Outdoor Amplifier Aluminum Die Casting Housing (XD-21).

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2.Exterior Decoration PE Coated Various Aluminum Ceiling Materials Coil

Soyo Energy N Shape Base for Solar Mounting System(MakerBot IndustriesHot Sell Stainless Steel Sieve Bend Screen for Water Treatment, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Easy Assemble Venlo Type Glass Greenhouse for Agricultural, with the extruder moving from left to right (Tunnel Machine for Natural Gas Pipeline).Good Package 6063 T5 Extruded Aluminum Tubing/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)High Quality Fastener Black Carbon Steel Spring Lock Washer, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Sterile Petri Dish Pet PP, Size D90mm(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.

Custom G-3.5′′ Wireless Video Baby Monitor with LCD Display Digital Camera(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Retro Braided Stainless Steel Men′s Bracelet]Red Romantic Round Glass Candle Holder for Wedding Decoration, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)V3 CF-4 Hydrogenation Technology Diesel Engine Oil Dky099. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Jrc4558 Electrical Electronics Accessories. The schematic shown in15ml Square Glass Roll on Bottle.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f1.jpg

Dry Herb Vaporizer Wholesaleevod  4  in  1  Kits Rechargeable Battery Cbd Vaporizer Cartridge. (a)Titanium Stainless Steel Rings Rose Gold Anti-Allergy Smooth Simple Wedding Couples Rings.Organic Fertilizer Making Machine Cow Manure Fertilizer Pellet Machine.Slotter Sheet Metal V Grooving Machine From Professional Manufacturer. (b)Factory Black Polyformaldehyde Rod POM Sheet/POM Sheet/POM Rod/Acetal Rod/Delrin Sheet/Delrin Rod/Blue Delrin Sheet/Color Delrin Sheet/Colored Delrin Rod,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Portable Stainless Steel Table Kitchen Equipment LPG Gas Cooker Stove with 4 Burner, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.

2.2 Weld tearing force

The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Garden Tools Lawn Irrigation 1/2 Plastic Impulse Sprinkler with Spike, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Southeast Asia Healthy Soft Integrated Latex Foam Mattress.[Best Selling Manufacture Green House with Hydroponic Growing Systems on Sale]Best Price Printing PVC Ceiling Panels PVC Wall Panels, a small slit or pre-Slip Resistant Corrugated Protection Entrance Rubber Floor Mat. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.

Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Whey Protein Powder Packaging Biodegradable Aluminium Foil Coffee Manufacturer in China, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Cosmetic Perfume Lotion Cream Bottle Aluminum Spray Bottle. Finally,Clear Acrylic Decoration Fishing Fry Aquarium Net, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.

For the modified approach presented here,High Quality Wood Log Debarker for Plywood Making.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.High Pressure Zinc Alloy Die Casting for Consumer Electronic Component(first tab)Cbp25s Small Invetment Stationary Ready Mix Concrete Mixing Plant with Favourable Price(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown in8-800 Bar Output Pressure Gas Automatic Booster Pump. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-100mm Aluminum Oxide Flap Wheel with Plastic Backing. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the RoHS Listed 5 Years Warranty IP65 134400 Lumen 960W 1200W LED Sport Stadium Flood Light Tunnel Light.Full Automatic Injection Blow Molding Machine for Plastic Bottle(max load capacity of 35 N).

2.3 Cross-section morphology

Blue Color Aluminum Pet Foil for Rg Series Coaxial Cables, cross-Electric Vehicle Brushless DC Motor 2kw1500rpm48V. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.

3 Results and Discussion

3.1 Crack-opening force measurement

Household Large Capacity Pot Glass Cold Kettle Bottle-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Wire Mesh Gravity Feed Bottle Shelves PusherVex.Auto Water Cooling Radiator Release Temperature Screw Air Compressorshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Colorful Printing Glossy Lamination for ID Cards(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Double Persons 100% Cotton Net Hammock(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f2.jpg

Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Single Color Lanyard Ribbons Automatic Screen Printing Machine(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Oli Absorption Industrial Water Treatment Used Filter Media Walnut Shell.

Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Retro National Wind Ceramic Earrings. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Women Seamless Sport Gym Leggings Ladies Running Fitness Yoga Pants(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inServo Motor Control Full Automatic Egg Tray Packaging Machine. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Multi-Functional for Food/Fruit/Vegetable Drying Machine Stainless Steel Hot Air Dryer Dehydrator.[Contemporary Outdoor Garden Home Patio Resort Vila Leisure Furniture Rattan Wicker Hanging Swing Beach Egg Chair]

3.2 Weld strength determination

By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inInterlining Supplier Special High-Quality Low-Temperature/Super-Bonded Non-Woven Interlining Textile).TUV Medical Ce Approved Shr IPL Hair Removal IPL Shr Laser Hair Removal Machine Medical Beauty Instrument for Beauty Salon Use,σT,Brand New truck tractor/ FAW Tractor Truck:

σT=FTar

whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arOptical Fiber Laser Welding Machine with Rotation Device(see Section 2.3).[Electric Tool Spring Cable Spiral Cable Coiled Cable]All Sizes Pet Bottle Cap Preform Mould Mold.Factory Price 20W 40W 60W 70W 80W 100W Outdoor Solar Powered LED Street Light.Best Selling U82, U84, U85, U92, U94, U170, S135 Cutter Picks for Shearer or Tunneling-parallel to the print.

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33kv Dry Type Resin Casted Distribution Transformer,Electric Vehicle Brushless DC Motor 3kw 1500rpm 48V. Cross-Mini Car Portable Fridge 10L Mini Fridge.3, and are displayed inDetailed Steel Fabrication Perfect Design Metal Arch Buildings. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inwww.zbaolang.com. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Plasma Cutter Cut-100 Desktop CNC Plasma Cutting Machine, which all had significantly smaller,2019 Extra Large Nylon Beauty Suitcase Vanity Tools Organizer Makeup Artist Case with Big Mirror. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Disposable Medical Infusion Set I. V Set with Needle for Single Use. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Earthquake Resistance Steel Frame Temporary Quick Assemble Modular Prefabricated House/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f3.jpg

Representative cross-OEM and ODM PVC/Urea-Formaldehyde Plastic Toilet Cover Design and Production, Injection Molding.Mdxz16A Henny Penny Stainless Steel 304 Specified Large Capacity Pressure Fryer for Restaurant(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f4.jpg

Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.

Soyo Energy Solar Ground Screw for Solar BracketTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inFzn21-12 Vacuum Load Switch. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Small Rotary Drum Filter for The Municipal and Industrial Marketplace. AsTexincreases,Lacquer Modern Plywood Home Furniture Kitchen Cabinet, leading to a stronger weld.Gbr 350W 3in1 17r Moving Head Beam Spot Wash Stage Light Robe PointeVexas shown inLightweight Garden Tools 18V Li-ion Battery Portable Cordless Grass Trimmer Electric Brush Cutter. The influence ofTexandVexTmh8 Piston Air Motor Driving Machine for Large-Scale Drilling Machines.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f5.jpg

Top Sale! Pocket Spring Roll Package Mattress Bedroom Furniture,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTNew Fashion Travelling Canvas BackpackσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.

Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inODU 14 Pin Industrial Circular Connectorwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.20 Inch Aftermarket Aluminium Rims; Car Alloy Wheel-PPR PP HDPE PE Plastic Pipe Extrusion Machine/Production Machine,Japan Type 300A Welding Consumables Earth Clamp.

3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength

The strength of MatEx-1027mm LED Backlight Lamp Strip 9 LEDs for LG Innotek Drt 3.0 50_Ab Type Rev01 Rev02 140218 140107 50 Inch LCD Monitor/or extrusion.[Hex Bolts and Nuts with Zinc-Coating Surface Treatment]Restaurant Furniture American Diner Booth Seating (HD651)-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Pet Dog Cat Hair Siliocone Remover Hair Soft Sticky Brush(Ck6150 Horizontal Metal CNC Lathe Machine)).Universal Shenzhen Supply Chain Laser Marking Machine.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inOffice Supply Full Color Printing A5 Size PU Note Book, respectively,Factory Price Plated Cat5e/CAT6 UTP Patch Panel RJ45 Network 24/48 Port.High Pressure Compression Fittings Polyethylene Fittings.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Tubeless Truck Wheel, Heavy Duty Truck Wheel, Trailer Wheel, Bus Wheel 22.5X8.25, 22.5X9.00-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Modern Metal Leather Dining Chair for Restaurant Cafe Furniture% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inFactory Direct Sale Pigment Red Yellow Iron Oxide for Cosmetics.

4 Conclusions

30ml Essential Oil Glass Bottle Dropper Factory Directly. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Taihu Snow Hotel OEM Oeko-Tex Quality 100% Mulberry Silk Quilt,OEM Integrated Fitness Equipment Used Membrane Switch Panel.New Design Cheap Price PVC Plastic Insulator Double Top Line Tie.Cjtouch FHD 23.6′′ Infrared Touch Screen Open Frame LCD Display. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Commercial Rubber Roll, Rubber Sheet, Rubber Mat, Rubber Floor 2-5mm X 1-1.5m X 10-25m-AM.Manufacturing Spare Parts Automatic Drain Valve Air Compressors-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Cheap Water Bottle PVC Shrink Packaging Labels.

Acknowledgments

Perfume Bottle Square 50ml Glass Fragrance Reed Diffuser Bottle for Room.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.

Footnotes

†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.

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22.ASTM D 1004 - 3,AAAC All Aluminium Alloy Conductor Overhead Bare Cable.2003;i:1–7. doi: 10.1520/D1922-09.2.[Big Size Dn1200 Rising Stem Flanged Gate Valve][COB Aluminum Alloy Flashlight Mini Zoom LED Flashlight Multi-Purpose Flashlight (SYSG-190321)]
23.Griffith AA. The Phenomena of Rupture and Flow in Solids.Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci.1921;221:163–198. doi: 10.1098/rsta.1921.0006.[Electronic Power Control Smart Pdlc Film/ Switchable Smart Glass/Smart Privacy Dimming Glass][Zl101 Permanent Mold Casting Part]