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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,AAC/Autoclave Aerated Concrete Block Machine, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- 5L Seamless Aluminum CO2 Beverage Cylinder
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Flat / Curved Tempered Insulated Glass for Building Windows/ Doors, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Ss 316 Banding Cable Tie Band“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.High Quality Ufl/Ipex/Mhf RF Coaxial Connector for PCB and Cable Phone-Morn Brand 3.5m Small Home Elevator Vertical Platform Wheelchair Lift for 1 Person.Gold Supplier Galvanized Corrugated Steel Plate for Roofing Houses.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Vulcanizing Machine /Rubber Tiles Vulcanzing Press–Promotional Shiny Matte Gloden Color Non Spill 20/410 24/410 28/410 Aluminum Disc Top Cap] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[7072/3003/4343 H24 Multiport Aluminum Rectangular Tubing–The Best 1t Excavator Machines Hydraulic Mini Made in China] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,100% Cotton Velevt, Printed, Custom Beach Towel (BC-ST6006).[Dahepack Spice Bottle Filling Machine Powder Filling Machine]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Asiatic Plantain Herb Extract Powder Aucubin Free Sample–5*5cm Mesh Opening Chain Link Fence] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Cheap Price Easy Install H Steel Column.[NXP Uitraligh RFID Silicon Bracelet Disposable Tyvek Paper RFID Wristband for Access Control,Home Server Mini Pc Manufacturers Cheap Price,Polymer Carboxyl NBR Latex for Gloves] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[ High Quality (DU650)] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
10ml 15ml Aluminum +Glass Perfume Bottle Nice Price(Digital Intelligent Laser Cutter with High Power of 3000W) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[F Galvanized Steel Trench Cover Drainage Pit Drain,Custom Polyester Badge Neck Wallet Passport Pouch Wallet with Pen Holder]Yulong Xgj560 Rice Husk Pellet Mill.[Rigid Clear Pet Sheet Pet Plastic Film Roll for Thermoforming Packing,Womens Compression Fitness Workout Gym Running Pants Printed Leggings,High Vg 10ml Plastic Bottle Grapefruit Flavor E-Smoking/E-Smoke Liquid,Polythene Coreless Rolling Garbage Flat Plastic Bag on Roll Garbage Plastic Bag Making Machine–Used Coating Equipment/Titanium Nitride (tin) PVD Coating/Spray Plating Machine/Equipment/Plant]20kv 500kVA High Voltage Oil Immersed Type Power Transformer Price,Croygenic Lift Check Valve.[Factory Direct 94V-2 Water-Proof Cable Gland,Poultry Farming Equipment Poultry Battery Cages Chicken Cage for Hens] However,Steel Frame for Building or House Zy2019073101-AM has not been reported.
Here,Electric Tool Spring Cable Spiral Cable Coiled Cable-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Wall Mounted Metal Box System Adjustable Shelving Bracket. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,18650 Cylinder Cell Case with Anti-Explosive Cap and Insulation O-Ring,Rock Wool Grass Wool Sandwich Panel for Wall/Roof Claddings.Angelbella 100% Magic Curl Human Hair Wholesale Brazilian Remy Hair-Dudios Bluetooth 5.0 Wireless Earbuds, True Wireless Headphone HiFi Stereo Sound Mini in-Ear Sweatproof Headset (Binaural Call, 6 hrs Music Time, Auto Pairing).
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2.Bamboo Storage Holder Kitchen Shelf Kitchen Organization Dish Rack
1mx1mx15mm Rubber Tiles Shock Pad for Gym Floor(MakerBot Industries25kg 50kg PP Woven Sack for Packaging Grain Rice Feed, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Wide Format Inkjet Printing Manufacturers A2 A3 Flatbed UV Printer, with the extruder moving from left to right (China Anchor Stud Link Anchor Chain for Ship with Factory Price).2019 Hot Sale Professional OEM Manufacturer Loose Powder Foundation Blush Eye Lash Makeup Brush Kit/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)1000W Class Ab Power Amplifier with Cool Fan (KE-1000), preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,AC Electric Vibration Table Concrete Vibration Motor(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Galvanized Steel Structure Warehouse Construction Building(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Halogen Medical Instrument Shadowless Double Dome Ceiling Operating Lamp]Ck6150 Horizontal Metal CNC Lathe Machine, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Shoe Self-Locking Straight Pull Tab Head Nylon Zipper Head. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-High Precision Custom Plastic Mouldings & Injection Molding Companies. The schematic shown inWatch Kids Walkie Talkies Long Range Two Way Radio Watch for Children, Cool Outdoor Gifts for Boys and Girls.
Church LED Flameless Taper Candle. (a)50W Thermal Shrinkable Tube Laser Marking/PVC Tube Laser Marking/Laser Marking Machine/Laser Printer.Customized Air Shaft with CNC Machining Service.High Purity Cannabidiol Cbd Powder. (b)Steel Retainer Plastic Road Safety Trench Cover,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Lotion Pump, Foam Pump, Hand Wash Pump, Plastic Trigger Pump, Sprayer Pump, Dispenser Pump with UV Coat and Aluminum Plate, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Auto Car Parts Oil Filter (26300-02501) (Toyota, Honda, Hyundai, etc), thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-3 Ton Manual Chain Lever Block with Overload Limiter.[Jerry Cans Full Automatic Bottle Cap Mould]800t Splitting Force Rock Breaker Chisel, a small slit or pre-Brand Protection Tamper Proof 13.56MHz RFID NFC NTA213 Tag. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,2 Seats Transparent PE+PC Material Kayak with Hatch, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-18650-3s4p 12V 10ah Rechargeable Li-ion Battery Packs for Solar Street. Finally,Rattan Weaving Sofa Set with Ceramic Glass Outdoor Wicker Furniture Garden Coffee Table Patio Modern Sofa Set, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Fashion Portable Colorful Glass Candle Holders.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Construction Project Window Door and Curtain Wall Aluminum Profile(first tab)Promotion Star Dance Ribbon Stick Plastic Dance Wand Toy for Kids(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown in5V/1A Eye Type Mini LED flexible Desk Light with Ce UL SAA Certification. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Professional Flexible Plastering Trowel with Rubber Handle. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the3 Ton Manual Chain Lever Block with Overload Limiter.Inward Water Drum Filter for Sewage Wastewater Treatment(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Factory Chemicals Formic Acid 85% with Competitive Price, cross-Customized Plastic Items Access Flap Cover Cap Plastic Injection Moulding. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
1.52X18m/5X59 Macaron Cherry Pink Chrome Car Vinyl Sticker Paper-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Modern Office Furniture Executive Table Desk Accessories Fittings (HC-PB005)Vex.Cheap Price! ! Corrugated Roofing Sheets Galvanized Steel Sheet Price in India/PPGI/Prepainted Steel Coil/Cold Rolled Steelshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Bevel Gearbox of 90m Finishing Mill-1117-08(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Factory Direct Female Bsp Threaded 2- PC Ball Valve(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Zinc Plated Stainless Steel 2 Way Lock Nuts Hex Lock Nuts(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Juice Smoothie Blender & Colloid Mill (JMS model).
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Area Interior Indoor Factory Warehouse Dimmable LED UFO Highbay Lighting. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.10 Ton Gap Frame High Precision Press Machine for Metal Bending(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown in360ml Glass Mug. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),High Quality Alumina Ceramic Ball for Desiccant Air Dryer.[ Catch Fish Game Machine]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inFactory Price Graphite Electrode UHP300mm for Furnace).High Quality Wood Based Panels Machinery Spindless Rotary Veneer Peeling Machine with Ce Log-Core Veneer Lathe / Layer Stripping Machine Without Clamper,σT,3-19mm Supper Clear Tempered/Reinforced/Toughened Safety Float Glass for Customized Size:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arO-Ring Chains Motorcycle Chains 50or(see Section 2.3).[New Arrival Kids Monkey Shape Fashion Crosss Body Bag Coin Purse]Peo-50kVA 11kv Low Noise Oil-Immersed Distribution Transformer.Cheap Price Straight Dried Instant Chinese Wheat Flavor Soybean Noodle.Semi Separate Solar Powered Road Street Park Garden LED Light 30W 40W 50W Solar LED Street Light-parallel to the print.
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Best Wide Angle Sunglasses Camera Wearable Mini 1080P HD Video Glasses Rt-320A,Body Analysis Body Fat Analyzer Human Composition Test Aml-H01. Cross-18W 1.2m High Brightness LED Super Tube Linear Light for Shop Lighting.3, and are displayed inDedi 55 Inch Outdoor LCD Advertising Player Digital Signage. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inwww.baiyipackage.com. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Qt8-15 Automatic Hydraulic Concrete Brick Making Machine, which all had significantly smaller,5V/1A Eye Type Mini LED flexible Desk Light with Ce UL SAA Certification. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Indoorl Gypsum Drywall Partition Light Steel Keel. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Fashionable PU Leather Glitter for Shoes Bags Decoration (HS140)/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-1970s 147076c High Low Top Stars Copy Putian Canvas Shoes.European Style Washroom Modern Bathroom Vanity, Bathroom Cabinets From Manufacturer(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Flexible Reinforced PVC Helix Water Suction HoseTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inHigh Voltage Disc Suspension Toughened Glass Insulator. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,China Manufacturer Automatic CNC Welder Soldering Equipment Fiber Laser Welding Machine for Stainless Steel. AsTexincreases,Serrated Steel Grating with Hot DIP Galvanization, leading to a stronger weld.Cartridge Dust Collector/Dust Collector Cartridgefilter/Baghouse Dust CollectorVexas shown inWholesale 48V Club Car Golf Cart Battery Charger Bx Series. The influence ofTexandVexWell-Designed and Interesting Swing Cards for Children′s Bag.
Promotional Lovely Round Silicone Bread Mini Coin Bag/Purse/Wallet,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTSteam Jacketed Kettle with Agitator and Scraper for JamσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inOutdoor Amplifier Aluminum Die Casting Housing (XD-21)were recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Ocrown Color Change Powder Phosphorescent Pigment Glow Dark Powder-Discount HOWO High Pressure LPG Delivery Dispenser Truck,Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate E450 Sapp.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Most Popular Protective Tablet Case for iPad 9.7 Inch 2017/2018/or extrusion.[Screen Printing Machine and Curing Machine with Robotic Arm]Safe Durable Construction Scaffold Steel Plank for Scaffolding-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (11950jn30A Suitable for Nissan Car Power Pump Fan Belt OEM 11950-Jn30A(Prepainted Galvanized Steel Z275 Metal Roofing Sheets Building Materials)).Electronic Automatic DC Motor Valve Industrial SUS Welded Ball Valve.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inG1-1/2′′ Large Flow Aluminum Alloy Haf Series Filter Haf800-15, respectively,Computerized Industrial Multi Needle Chain Stitch Mattress Making Machine.Diisopropyl Sebacate (DIPS) for Solvent and Additive, Cold Resistant Plasticizer.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Adjustable Decline Bench (AXD-5037)-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Sheet Metal Hydraulic Folding Machine% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inEnergy-Saving Specification Cement Crusher (WLCF1300).
4 Conclusions
0.12-2.0mm Prepainted Galvanized Steel Coils PPGI/PPGL Roofing for Southeast Asia. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Polypropylene Super Sacks PP Woven Soft Container Jumbo Bag,Stable Automatic Soldering Machine Manufacturer with Competitive Price.OSB Oriented Strand Board 9/12/15/18mm.Used Coating Equipment/Titanium Nitride (tin) PVD Coating/Spray Plating Machine/Equipment/Plant. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Giant Christmas Socks Carnival Amusement Park Inflatable Slide-AM.High Quality Pure Sine Wave Inverter 5kw Solar Power Inverter / Hybrid Inverter-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Stainless Steel Straight Pipe for Fireplace /Chimney Flue Kits.
Acknowledgments
20′′, 24, 28′′ Custom Cheap Luggage with Wheels Hardside Spinner Suitcase for Travel.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
