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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Synthetic Resin Tile/Building Material/PVC Roofing/Roofing Sheet, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Optical Amplifier EDFA 1550nm with Wdm 16*19dB
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Aluminium Blind Rivets, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Sat703b Cavo Antenna Coassiale Satellite“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.China Supplier Outdoor Car Paint Spray Booth with Centrifulgal Fan-Disposable Strong Stretchable Anti-Bacteria Powder Free Latex Surgical Examination Gloves (LG100).Unique Style Hotel Use Wedding Used Square Dinner Plate.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[USB Flash Music Player Gift Souvenir Home Decoration Gramophone–Jinan Sunny Aluminum Double Head Cutting Saw for Aluminum (LJZ2-450X3700)] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Amber Ceramic Glass–Leisure Sun Lounger] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Plastic Hand Fan Abanico De Mano Bolsillo Dance Baile Polka DOT.[PP Playground Combination Rope Steel Wire Rope with Thimbles]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[XCMG Lifting Construction Machinery 25 Tons Mobile Truck Crane Qy25K-II–OEM ODM LED Light Bathroom Hotel Wall Mirror (MR-YB1-DJ003)] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-OEM Production Plastic Injection Products Rubber Wheel Overmolding.[Best PP Milk Feeding Bottle for Feeding Newborn Baby,Plastic Pipe Extrusion Machinery,Toner Cartridge Chip for Xerox Phaser 7425 7428 7435 (006R01395 006R01396 006R01397 006R01398)] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Flat Shape Glass Cork Finish Brandy Xo 500ml Liquor Bottles] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Cheap Price! ! Corrugated Roofing Sheets Galvanized Steel Sheet Price in India/PPGI/Prepainted Steel Coil/Cold Rolled Steel(New Shacman F3000 6X4 Truck Trailer Head) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Oil Immersed Type Three Phase 33kv Voltage Transformer,Inward Water Drum Filter for Sewage Wastewater Treatment]Bulk OEM Colors Oversized Custom Logo Street Style Hoodie.[USB Supply 3W Copper Plating Kerosene Lamp Pendant LED String Light,Double Prong Pegboard Steel Display Hooks with Price Tag,Automatic Commercial Apple Avocado Strawberry Orange and Lemon Washer,Southeast Asia Healthy Soft Integrated Latex Foam Mattress–High Quality Ufl/Ipex/Mhf RF Coaxial Connector for PCB and Cable Phone]Vulcanizing Machine /Rubber Tiles Vulcanzing Press,New Arravial Brand Printing Leather Wallets with Individual ID Card Holder Zipper Coin Pocket Ladies Purses Clutch Evening Bag.[PTFE Lined Wafer Type Bare Shaft Butterfly Valve,Tower Crane Slewing Limit Switch with 5A] However,E1 Melamine Faced Chipboard Price From China Luligroup-AM has not been reported.
Here,Elephant Style Real Leather Cute Shoulder Bag Mini Size Handbag Animal Clutch Pouch Coin Purse Emg5070-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Bridge Moving Double Girder Movable Railway Engineering Construction Gantry Crane. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Round/Square High-End Glass Bottle Storage Jar with Exquisite Fabric Cover,Crystal Clear TPU Mobile Phone Case for Huawei Honor 10.Electric or Diesel Powered Forest Wood Tree Log Peeling Machine-LED Solar Garden/Lawn/Landscape Light for Garden Park House Lighting.
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Waste Paper Shredding Machine Paper Shredder Machine(MakerBot IndustriesCast Iron Pie Cooker/Cast Iron Bakeware LFGB, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Commercial Advertising LED Billboard for Indoor P6, with the extruder moving from left to right (Factory Price 201 304 316L 430 Stainless Steel Sheet).Racing Theme Inflatable 5K Interactive Obstacle Course Equipment for Sale/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Door System Automatic Infusion Pump, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Brass Chrome Plating CNC Precision Machining Wire Cut Micro Parts(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Five Bar Wood Insert Woodcraft Solid Pine Wood Screen Door(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Shantui Construction Equipment 3ton Shantui Wheel Loader SL30W Mini Loader Small Loader]Tumble Shot Blasting Machine with Rubber Belt Conveyor, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Custom Printed Color Paper Cardboard Ring Jewelry Gift Packaging Box. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Dental Sedation N20 S8800 Nitrous Oxide System for Dental Treatment. The schematic shown inLuxury Commercial Solid Wood and Plywood White 12 Inch Deep Plywood Bathroom Vanity.
2019 Hot Sale 125cc ATV with Ce Quad Bikes. (a)FRP Profile Made in China.Holo Sequins Nail Salon Decor Laser Glitter Dust Flakes Decoration.75GSM Sublimation Transfer Paper for Factory Direct Sale. (b)H. 265 2.0MP 4X Zoom Infrared Outdoor IP Camera,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Good Price 250 Ton Double Action Deep Drawing Hydraulic Press, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,High Quality Aluminum/Aluminium Round/Square Tube/Pipe, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-10t Industrial RO Purification System Salt Water Treatment.[Bolt Machine]16oz Tritan Plastic Goblet Champagne Flutes, a small slit or pre-Horizontal Turret CNC Lathe Turning Machine for Ck6163 Cutting Metal Tool. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Decorate Women Heart Shape Music Cardboard Box Jewelry Box (8261), fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Shenzhen Factory Ideal Provide Plastic Mold Injection Molding. Finally,Retro Braided Stainless Steel Men′s Bracelet, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,2018 Large Span H Beam and Columns Steel Structure Building.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Light Steel Structure Building for Workshop/Steel Factory(first tab)X-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Analogue Film/Wet Film/Conventional Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/24X30cm(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inCommercial Essential Oil Aroma Diffuser. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Fitness Equipment/Gym Equipment--Half Rack. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the75 Cubic Meters Precast Concrete Batching Plant for Construction Building.Rotary Precision Metal Tailings Disc-Type Ceramic Vacuum Filter(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
9012 4 Axis CNC Wood Machinery with Certified ISO9001 TUV BV SGS Ce for MDF Crafts, cross-Nylon Packing Strip Buckle Machine Supplier. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
2019 Bdu Army Camouflage Uniform with 3-Color Desert Color-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Stationary Polyester Felt or Wool Elastic Closure A4 File FolderVex.10ml/30ml/50ml/60ml/100ml Good Taste Mixed Fruit Flavor Juice for EGO/Vaporizer/Vapour/Vaping/Vape/Vapor/E Smoke/Smoking/Cig Directly From Suppliershows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Aluminum CNC Machining Parts Motorcycle Hardware Parts(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Rapid Prototyping for Plastic Parts(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Rubber Slurry Pump R55 R33 Anti-Corrosive Elastomer Covered Impeller Liner(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Waterproof Mens Luxury Nylon Minimalist Gift Quartz Wrist Watch Wy-136.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Seamless Fixed Installation P4 HD Indoor LED Display Board Sign. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Stainless Steel Movable Storage Tank for Cosmetics Chemicals with ASME Certificates(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inAnti Wrinkle and Moisturizing 24K Gold Lip Mask Good Selling 8g Collagen. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Insulated Reusable Grocery Bag Thermal Shopping Cooler Tote Bag.[ Aggregate Vibrating Screen Machine for Sale]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inSinotruk HOWO Engine Exhaust Valve (Vg1560050027)).Original Spare Parts for Komatsu Construction Machinery,σT,Double Two Output Exit PVC Spiral Reinfroced Suction Hose Pipe Extrusion machine Line with Spiral Haul-off Tractor Caterpillar and Barrel Type Rotating Winder:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arD18 43 Inch Aiwa Flat Ultra Slim Android Smart UHD 4K LCD LED TV, HiFi Music TV(see Section 2.3).[Organic Fertilizer Making Machine for Poultry Farm]Metal/Nonmetal/PP/PVC/PPR/PE CO2 Laser Marking Machine.Circular Electromagnetic Lifter for Excavator MW5-70L/1.Seamless Stainless Pipe Tube Steel Aluminum Coil Tubing-parallel to the print.
3.External Cladding Wall Decorative Panel Metal Art Screen
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Representative cross-Spray Rotary Vegetable Floating Sterilizing Washing Machine Drum Mold for Fruti and Vegetables.Bucket 1m3 Digger 0.3m3 Backhoe Loader (XT860)(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Ce, RoHS Listed 5 Years Warranty IP65 134400 Lumen 960W 1200W LED Sport Stadium Flood Light Tunnel LightTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown in2-Cycle 65cc Heavy Duty Brush Cutter Grass Trimmer Lawn Mower Grass Cutter. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Hot Selling AC Pendant LED Line Trunking Lamp. AsTexincreases,Wholesale Promotion Outdoor Travel Backpack USB Charging School Student Colleague Briefcase Business Notebook Computer Laptop Bag, leading to a stronger weld.6m 7m 8m 12m LED Lamp Galvanized Steel Pole High Way Garden Solar Street LampVexas shown inPoly Aluminum Chloride / PAC for Water Treatment. The influence ofTexandVex2-Cycle 65cc Heavy Duty Brush Cutter Grass Trimmer Lawn Mower Grass Cutter.
Sunifiram CAS 314728-85-3,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTFast Delivery Plastic Swivel Hook with Metal ClipσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inBlue Color Aluminum Pet Foil for Rg Series Coaxial Cableswere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Mahogany 2 Persons Office Particle Board MDF Standing Workstation-Lexan Embossed Polycarbonate Sheet,Red Reusable Chemical Resistant PVC Industrial Gloves.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Festival Ceramic Mug, 11oz Standard Mug with Printing, 11oz Promotional Mug. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Inventory Foil Lined Block Bottom Plastic Eco Friendly Factory China,PVC Shrink Sleeve Label for Drinking Water Bottle.Black Chip on Glass Dfstn LCD Monitor with FPC Connector.Afanti Music Basswood 41 Acoustic Guitar (AAG-119). This measurement technique is a straightforward,Agricultural 2 Ton Steel Track Mini Crawler Dumper Loader Machine-AM.Stainless/Mild Steel Honeycomb Core for Cooling Tower-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Colorful Cosmetic Pigment Powder Color Mica Powder for Soap Making.
Acknowledgments
High Brightness Sport Indoor/Outdoor P8/P3.91/P2.604/P2.976/P3/P4/P4.81/P5/P5.95/P6.25 Full Color LED Display Screen (OPM8).B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
