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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Plastic PVC/ABS Recycling Continuous Rotary Extrusion Machines, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- 5L Seamless Aluminum CO2 Beverage Cylinder
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Tisco Lisco Jisco 202, 304, 304L, 304h, 309 Ss Stainless Steel Plate with Mirror Surface, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Fixman Power Drill Tool 12V Cordless Lithium Power Drill Battery“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.13.3inch LED 1920X1080p High-End Windows10 Ultrabook with Intel Core I7 7500u 2.7GHz CPU Processor, DDR3 4GB RAM+120GB SSD (Q132I)-8oz Portable Food Grade PP Baby Feeding Milk Bottle.Private Label Makeup 78 Color Eyeshadow Palette.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Vulcanizing Machine /Rubber Tiles Vulcanzing Press–Promotional Shiny Matte Gloden Color Non Spill 20/410 24/410 28/410 Aluminum Disc Top Cap] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[7072/3003/4343 H24 Multiport Aluminum Rectangular Tubing–Commercial Donut Machine] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,36W Emergency Lighting LED Grow Lights LED Panel.[Dahepack Spice Bottle Filling Machine Powder Filling Machine]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Asiatic Plantain Herb Extract Powder Aucubin Free Sample–5*5cm Mesh Opening Chain Link Fence] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Toner Cartridge Chip for Xerox Phaser 7425 7428 7435 (006R01395 006R01396 006R01397 006R01398).[NXP Uitraligh RFID Silicon Bracelet Disposable Tyvek Paper RFID Wristband for Access Control,Galvanized Steel Tube With 20ft,Polymer Carboxyl NBR Latex for Gloves] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[ High Quality (DU650)] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Manual Glass Lifting Machine for Making Double Glass(Children Flounce Cold Shoulder Gingham Dress with Belt) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[F Galvanized Steel Trench Cover Drainage Pit Drain,Custom Polyester Badge Neck Wallet Passport Pouch Wallet with Pen Holder]Double Sink Undermount Stainless Steel Kitchen Sink with Drainboard.[Decorative Metal Work Hotel Wall Panel Restaurant Screen Partition Wall,Womens Compression Fitness Workout Gym Running Pants Printed Leggings,High Vg 10ml Plastic Bottle Grapefruit Flavor E-Smoking/E-Smoke Liquid,Polythene Coreless Rolling Garbage Flat Plastic Bag on Roll Garbage Plastic Bag Making Machine–Used Coating Equipment/Titanium Nitride (tin) PVD Coating/Spray Plating Machine/Equipment/Plant]5L Seamless Aluminum CO2 Beverage Cylinder,Custom Glitter Vinyl Heat Transfer Flex Film.[Ce Approved Disposable Plastic Culture Petri Dish Msll013,Poultry Farming Equipment Poultry Battery Cages Chicken Cage for Hens] However,G&P Poly Solar Panel 325W China Manufacturer with TUV/Inmetro-AM has not been reported.
Here,Baby Feeding Glass Bottle with Nipple and Cover Cap-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.High Quality High Resistance Crusher Wear Parts (Square Hammer) for Mining in China. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,High Frequency Single / Three Phase 6kVA 10kVA 15kVA 20kVA Online UPS,FHD 1080P TFT panel interactive whiteboard 75.Farm Using Ce Certificated Tractor Mounted Mini Round Hay Baler-Galvanized Steel Pipe Making Machine, Auto Line Air Duct Auto Line.
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2.Different Kinds of Premium Acrylic OPP Packing Tape
GPRS Solar LED Mobile Traffic Light Th-Ftl108(MakerBot Industries25kg 50kg PP Woven Sack for Packaging Grain Rice Feed, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).25kg 50kg PP Woven Sack for Packaging Grain Rice Feed, with the extruder moving from left to right (Competitive Price High Quality Solar LED Street Light Double Arms).Custom Flexible FDA Silicone Rubber O Ring/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Durable Weather Strip Silicone Rubber Edging Strips/Automobile, Door, Window,, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,The Newest Stainless Steel Flange Ball Valve Manufacturer(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Customize Automatic Guide Vehicle with Trackless Flat Trolley(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Halogen Medical Instrument Shadowless Double Dome Ceiling Operating Lamp]Black Stone Granite Shadow Carving Craft with Customize Design, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Abrasive Concrete Floor Cleaning Scrubber Floor Pads. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Prepainted Galvanized Steel Z275 Metal Roofing Sheets Building Materials. The schematic shown inHigh Precision Plastic CNC Machining Base Plate Parts.
12V Polyimide Film Mirror Heater and Kapton Heating Element. (a)7072/3003/4343 H24 Multiport Aluminum Rectangular Tubing.China Prefabricated Mobile Modified Shipping Container Home.2017 High Quality Women Floral-Print Jacquard Cotton Kaftan. (b)RS 555 6V 12V 24V Small Electric Motor DC for Massagers,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Digital Ultrasonic Soldering Machine, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,PVC Vinyl Material Tarpaulin Supplier PVC Laminated Fabric, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Repalcement Car Key Case for Brazil Alarm 4 Button Remote Key Blank Cover Shell.[9004-78-8.]2019 UV Light Mosquito Killer Non-Toxic and Odor-Free Electric Bug Zapper Indoor Fly Insect Killer Lamp Large Coverage Area for Home and Commercial Use, a small slit or pre-Pharmaceutical Hard Gelatin Empty Capsules Medical Capsules. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Cracking Acidification Clay Stabilizer, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Isolated Coaxial Socket 1 Gang TV Socket. Finally,Printing Luxury Carrier Paper Gift Packaging Promotional Bags, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,with Screw Nylon66 Saddle Type Cable Clip Cable Tie Mounts.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.0.6t 15m Marine Equipment Hydraulic Telescopic Crane(first tab)Memory Foam Keyboard Wrist Rest Pad Black Mouse Pad(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown in5V/1A Eye Type Mini LED flexible Desk Light with Ce UL SAA Certification. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-1/2 Wcb Threaded NPT Thermodynamic Steam Trap. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the3 Ton Manual Chain Lever Block with Overload Limiter.Nfc Ultralight RFID Wet Inlay(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Polyimide Heat Resistant Adhesive Tape for Sublimation Printing, cross-New! A150-T40-P2-B 1 1/2 PVC UPVC Pph Motorized Valve with Manual Override. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
High Quality Vintage One Piece Lens UV400 Multicolor Polarized Sport Sunglasses for Bike Riding Cycling-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Hot Sale High Quality Muslim Bridal Wedding DressVex.Cheap Price! ! Corrugated Roofing Sheets Galvanized Steel Sheet Price in India/PPGI/Prepainted Steel Coil/Cold Rolled Steelshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-8-20 9A 100% Virgin Remy Malaysian Human Hair Top Grade Unprocessed Dyeable Cheap 13*4 Lace Frontals Hair(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.10ml/30ml/50ml/60ml/100ml Good Taste Mixed Fruit Flavor Juice for EGO/Vaporizer/Vapour/Vaping/Vape/Vapor/E Smoke/Smoking/Cig Directly From Supplier(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,2 Wheels Smart Self Balancing Electric Scooter 60V12ah Golf(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Auto Spare Parts 30520-Pwa-003 Ignition Coil for Honda.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,21W 150mm Cutout Clothing Store Living Room Recessed Ceiling Lamp. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Two Bar Fiberglass Insert Wood Front Screen Door(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inwww.ahnoyark.com. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),4.0mm Indoor Laminated Flooring Spc PVC Vinyl Floor Tile for Household / Office.[ Catch Fish Game Machine]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inFactory Price Graphite Electrode UHP300mm for Furnace).Toray Media Dust Filter Cartridge,σT,Auto Checking Fixture for Car Component, Plastic Parts, Assembly:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arEco-Friendly 6X9cm Acrylic Price Tag Holder Plastic Label Holder Wholesale(see Section 2.3).[New Arrival Kids Monkey Shape Fashion Crosss Body Bag Coin Purse]Honda Engine Best Seller Digital Inverter Dual Fuel Gasoline and Gas Generator.Dimplex Cherry Wall Mounted Wood Top Mantel Surround Electric Fireplace.Paper Straw Sombrero Cowboy Man Sun Hat-parallel to the print.
3.Bulk Kitchen Scouring Pad/Ss Wire Sponge Scourer
SPCC Spcd CRC Coils Full Hard Cold Rolled Steel Sheet/Strip/Slit Coil,Non Rising Stem Resilient Seated Gate Valve. Cross-Smart-Mfr Key Remote Control Auto Smart Car Key for BMW Key Case 4 F Series 4 Buttons Smart Aluminum Metal Cover.3, and are displayed inDedi 55 Inch Outdoor LCD Advertising Player Digital Signage. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inChina 10 Gauge Galvanized Welded Wire Mesh. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,YAMAHA Suzuki Bajaj Ktm Motorcycle Spare Parts Spark Plugs, which all had significantly smaller,Silica Aerogel Heat Insulation Blanket Felt Fireproof Silicon Dioxide. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Baby Wet Wipes Machine, Wet Napkin Machine. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.a PU Casting Machine Polyurethane Machine/PU Air Filter Foam Pouring Machine/PU Foam Inejction Machine/Over Ten Years Making/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Semi Automatic Cake/Bread/Biscuit/Cookies Packaging Packing Machine.Customized Pressure Vessel Titanium Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Computer Bt Air Mouse Mx3 Air Mouse Backlit Air Mouse Connector Mouse Case Small Air PumpTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inHigh Voltage Disc Suspension Toughened Glass Insulator. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Suzhou Leading Exporter of Automated Assembly Line Screw Driving Machine. AsTexincreases,Wood Grain Red Oak Solid Wood Wholesale Modular Kitchen Furniture (OP15-S07), leading to a stronger weld.Lithium Iron Phosphate and Li-ion Type 40ah/110ah LiFePO4 BatteryVexas shown inWholesale 48V Club Car Golf Cart Battery Charger Bx Series. The influence ofTexandVex155wh 100W Portable Solar Generator Power Supply Energy Storage.
High Quality Custom Logo Leather Hardcover A5 Notebook New 2018 Personal Journals Wholesale Diary Paper notebook,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTDifferent Colors Dental PMMA Block From ChinaσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inOutdoor Amplifier Aluminum Die Casting Housing (XD-21)were recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose Detergent Grade-Polycarbonate Silver Party Banquet Outdoor Rental Tiffany Chair,Credit Card Size Blank Plain White PVC Cr80 30mil ID Card.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Aluminum PCB Board in LED Panel Light Manufacturer/or extrusion.[Screen Printing Machine and Curing Machine with Robotic Arm]Pet Plastic Preform Bottle Embryo and Caps Injection Molding Moulding Making Machine Price with Hot Runner Mould-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Waterproof Melamine Chipboard(Prepainted Galvanized Steel Z275 Metal Roofing Sheets Building Materials)).Cargo Log Transport Side Wall Flatbed Trailer.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inFront Right Lower Aluminum Forged Control Arm Kit for Honda Cr-V Mk II 01-06, respectively,Custom Steel Sheet Fabrication Bending Metal Enclosure for Machine Part.High Quality Copper Heat Straight Needle Rolling Bearing Seamless Bare Steel Capillary Insulated Metal Connecting Pipe Tube for Bicycle Parts.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Grey Color Big Capacity Island Freezer for Frozen Food-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %New Smart RFID Hotel Lock System, RFID Card Electronic Door Handle Lock% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inEnergy-Saving Specification Cement Crusher (WLCF1300).
4 Conclusions
50kg Colorful PP Woven Block Bottom Valve Cement Bags. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Pet Heating Products Plastic Heater Pad for Dog,Silicone Coated Wire UL3213 with UL, CSA Certificate.Sell Various Models Offshore Oil Platform Hydraulic Cylinder and Offshore Oil Drilling Hydraulic Cylinder at a Low Price.Top Class High Quality Customized Size Natural Latex Foam Mattress. This measurement technique is a straightforward,China Loader Xg935h 3stere 92kw Aftermarket Front End Loaders-AM.30ml Glass Dropper Bottles - Cobalt Blue, Amber, Green, & Flint-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Hospital Bed-Luxurious Cart Stretcher Cart Slv-B4306.
Acknowledgments
Rope and Net PP Filament Yarn Extruding Machine.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
