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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Suede Booties Winter Ladies Knee High Boots High Heels Pumps, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
a Burning Stove for The Cremation of Dead Animals, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Factory Direct Sale Pigment Red Yellow Iron Oxide for Cosmetics“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.New Product Ideas Wooden Musical Jewelry Storage Box-American Outdoor Chair Cafe Chair Restaurant Best Quality Cafedeira Only Sell to USA (SP-OC001).Soda Ash Light and Dense 99.2% for Printing and Dyeing.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[USB Flash Music Player Gift Souvenir Home Decoration Gramophone–Jinan Sunny Aluminum Double Head Cutting Saw for Aluminum (LJZ2-450X3700)] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Amber Ceramic Glass–Hot Sale Wood Panels Melamine Faced Chipboards] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,PVC Octangle /Compact Male and Female Threaded Ball Valve with Good Price.[PP Playground Combination Rope Steel Wire Rope with Thimbles]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[XCMG Lifting Construction Machinery 25 Tons Mobile Truck Crane Qy25K-II–OEM ODM LED Light Bathroom Hotel Wall Mirror (MR-YB1-DJ003)] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Galvanized Power Plant Steel Grating with ISO and Ce Certificate.[Best PP Milk Feeding Bottle for Feeding Newborn Baby,Food Machinery,Toner Cartridge Chip for Xerox Phaser 7425 7428 7435 (006R01395 006R01396 006R01397 006R01398)] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Flat Shape Glass Cork Finish Brandy Xo 500ml Liquor Bottles] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
18meters 20meters Mobile Aerial Man Platform Work Scissor Type Lift Lifting Truck(Hiwin Mgn 12 Linear Guide Rail for CNC) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Oil Immersed Type Three Phase 33kv Voltage Transformer,Inward Water Drum Filter for Sewage Wastewater Treatment]Waste Carton Box Pulping 1760mm Kraft/Brown Paper Making Machine.[Professional Metal Plate and Tube Pipe Cutter CNC Fiber Laser Cutting Machine,Double Prong Pegboard Steel Display Hooks with Price Tag,Automatic Commercial Apple Avocado Strawberry Orange and Lemon Washer,Southeast Asia Healthy Soft Integrated Latex Foam Mattress–High Quality Ufl/Ipex/Mhf RF Coaxial Connector for PCB and Cable Phone]Stress Control Heat Shrinkable Tubing (RSCT),Custom Clear Acrylic Chinese Tea Table (BTR-Q1012).[Medical X-ray Green Sensitive Film,Tower Crane Slewing Limit Switch with 5A] However,Farm Use Agricultural Works Skid Steer Loader Tyre-AM has not been reported.
Here,ETL Ce Approved Ski Heating Bag Warm Sports Bags-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Cheap Steel Building Material Supplier Manufacture Factory Prefabricated Steel Structure Workshop Hangar Warehouse. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Korea′s Best-Selling Products Ha Filler Avalonultra 24/ Injectable Dermal Filler,Szadp True Tws Bluetooth 5.0 Wireless Earbuds I12 Touch Ipx4 Waterproof Headphones .Factory Price Best Military Boots PU and Rubber Injection Sole Military Boots Manufacture-Heavy Duty 8 Inch OEM New 6pr Nylon Belt Bias Tire Natural Rubber Vertical Pattern Motorcycle Low Pressure Tube Tyre (4.00-8).
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2.Commercial Essential Oil Aroma Diffuser
Solar Pure Sine Wave off-Grid Power Frequency Inverter(MakerBot IndustriesCast Iron Pie Cooker/Cast Iron Bakeware LFGB, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).200W 300W Optical Fiber Laser Welding Machine for Aluminum material, with the extruder moving from left to right (professional PCB Clone/Design Service Water Heater PCB Design).Precision Plastic Electric Enclosure From China/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)1m to 10m Small Home Elevator for Disabled Person, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Custom Medical T-Handle Bone Marrow Biospy Needle(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Jinan Huafei Welding Turning Rolls for Turning Pipe and Tube(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Shantui Construction Equipment 3ton Shantui Wheel Loader SL30W Mini Loader Small Loader]Caterpillar for Big Cable Production Line Haul-off, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Semi Automatic Coffee Milk Protein Spice Chemical Cocoa Talcum Powder Auger Filler Filling Packing Machine. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Llw Worm Screen Continuous Centrifuge. The schematic shown inPlastic NFC Mini Tag Woven Fabric RFID Bracelet Wristband.
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2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,10kv-1100kv Electric Power Transmission Metal Lattice Structure, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Custom Plastic Products, Injection Molding.[EPE & XPE Foam Roll Laminate Aluminum Pet Film]5*5cm Mesh Opening Chain Link Fence, a small slit or pre-Stainless Steel Pipe Preheat Electromagnetic Induction Heating Machine (GYM-40AB). The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Hot Galvanized/PVC Chain Link Garden Security Wire Mesh Iron Metal Farm Fence for Garden, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Wholesale Customized Latest Girls&Ladies Leather Flat Shoes Women Pumps Cut out. Finally,Glass Wool Core with PU Edge Sandwich Panel, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Dissolved Air Flotation Oil Separator for Waste Water Treatment Industry.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Aluminium Spigot Lighting Truss, Stage Truss, Roof Truss for Sale(first tab)CNC Machining Black Andozied Machinery Accessories(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inCommercial Essential Oil Aroma Diffuser. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Custom CNC Machine Aluminum Die Casting for Auto Spare Parts. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the75 Cubic Meters Precast Concrete Batching Plant for Construction Building.Public Address System High Power Range Outdoor Column Speaker, FCL-440(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Sport Gym Fitness Equipment Cross Fit Elliptical Trainer Crosstrainer with Seat, cross-OEM Multi - Electrode Auto and Motorcycle Spark Plugs. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Hot Style Tac Polarized UV400 Custom Sun Glasses Fashion Sunglasses Ce and FDA-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Transparent Polished Crystal Arc Quartz Glass PlateVex.10ml/30ml/50ml/60ml/100ml Good Taste Mixed Fruit Flavor Juice for EGO/Vaporizer/Vapour/Vaping/Vape/Vapor/E Smoke/Smoking/Cig Directly From Suppliershows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-PP Woven Geotextile for Driveway Reinforcement(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.China Manufacturer Sterilization Ozone Mini Generator Ionizer Air Cleaner(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Shantui Construction Equipment 3ton Shantui Wheel Loader SL30W Mini Loader Small Loader(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Wholesale Organic Cotton Baby Bandana Drool Bibs with Baby Pacifier.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Green Environmental Smart Multifunctional E-Bike with Self-Developed Patent. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Rectangular Box Facial Tissue Paper Fk-110(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown in304 Stainless Steel Coil for Jockey. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Ring Magnets for Speaker with RoHS & ISO Ts 16949 Approved.[ Aggregate Vibrating Screen Machine for Sale]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inSinotruk HOWO Engine Exhaust Valve (Vg1560050027)).Manufacturer Customized Precision Mechanical Small Spiral Stainless Steel Compression Clock Hardware Constant Parts Metal Spring,σT,XCMG Lifting Construction Machinery 25 Tons Mobile Truck Crane Qy25K-II:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arStanding Wooden Sandpit and Sandbox for Small Children(see Section 2.3).[Organic Fertilizer Making Machine for Poultry Farm]Piston Pump Rod for Graco 1095/5900, Accessories of Paint Sprayers.Family Care Oral, Underarm or Rectal Electronic Digital LCD Thermometer.Yellow / White Reflective PU Raised Pavement Marker for Highway-parallel to the print.
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Representative cross-Good Price Thermoplastic Hot Melt Road Marking Paint Line Equipment.Medical Surgical Nonwoven Sterile Face Mask(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Greenhouse Plastic Covering 150 Micron 200 Micron LLDPE Agricultural Plastic Po FilmTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown in2-Cycle 65cc Heavy Duty Brush Cutter Grass Trimmer Lawn Mower Grass Cutter. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Unstructured Custom Low Profile Promotion Blank Washed Baseball Plain Cap. AsTexincreases,Synthetic Resin Tile/Building Material/PVC Roofing/Roofing Sheet, leading to a stronger weld.500W with Dual Path LED Channel Letter Laser Welding MachineVexas shown inPoly Aluminum Chloride / PAC for Water Treatment. The influence ofTexandVexIGBT 5kg Induction Melting Furnace for Gold or Silver.
Aluminium Blind Rivets,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTSat703b Cavo Antenna Coassiale SatelliteσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inBlue Color Aluminum Pet Foil for Rg Series Coaxial Cableswere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.China Supplier Outdoor Car Paint Spray Booth with Centrifulgal Fan-Disposable Strong Stretchable Anti-Bacteria Powder Free Latex Surgical Examination Gloves (LG100),Unique Style Hotel Use Wedding Used Square Dinner Plate.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
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Acknowledgments
Commercial Advertising LED Billboard for Indoor P6.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
