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Published in final edited form as:
Addit Manuf. 2017 Aug; 16: 162–166.
Published online 2017 Jun 17.doi:Medical Surgical Nonwoven Sterile Face Mask
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Cycjet 355nm 02W 03W 05W 10W UV Laser Marking Machine for Keyboard

Abstract

Wide Format Inkjet Printing Manufacturers A2 A3 Flatbed UV Printer, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,China Anchor Stud Link Anchor Chain for Ship with Factory Price“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.2019 Hot Sale Professional OEM Manufacturer Loose Powder Foundation Blush Eye Lash Makeup Brush Kit-1000W Class Ab Power Amplifier with Cool Fan (KE-1000).AC Electric Vibration Table Concrete Vibration Motor.

Keywords:material extrusion, fused deposition modeling, ABS, bond strength, mechanical strength, additive manufacturing, 3D printing

1 Introduction

Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Stone-Alike Aluminum Honeycomb Composite Panel for Home Decoration–Hot Selling Design Fashion Jewelry 925 Silver Big Clear CZ Fancy Jewelry Set] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Professional Flexible Plastering Trowel with Rubber Handle–Type S 3′′bsp Surelock Quick Connect Air Couplings] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Galvanized Steel Structure Warehouse Construction Building.[Jinan Huafei Welding Turning Rolls for Turning Pipe and Tube]

Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[New Fashion Travelling Canvas Backpack–Soyo Energy Solar Ground Screw for Solar Bracket] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Ck6150 Horizontal Metal CNC Lathe Machine.[Exterior Decoration PE Coated Various Aluminum Ceiling Materials Coil,Pulverised Coal Fired Boiler,Custom Printed Color Paper Cardboard Ring Jewelry Gift Packaging Box] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Factory Cheap Price Ceramic Bearing 627 RS ABEC 3 Manufacturer] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.

Shoe Self-Locking Straight Pull Tab Head Nylon Zipper Head(High Precision Custom Plastic Mouldings & Injection Molding Companies) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Professional Sheet Metal Stamping Molds Precisio Progressive Stamping,99% Muscle Building Peptide Ghrp-6 5mg 10mg CAS 87616-84-0 Ghrp6]Watch Kids Walkie Talkies Long Range Two Way Radio Watch for Children, Cool Outdoor Gifts for Boys and Girls.[Polyether Molding,2017 High Quality Women Floral-Print Jacquard Cotton Kaftan,Sigma Residential Round Square Slim Recessed Surface Mounted 9W 12W 15W 18W 24W 30W Ceiling Lightbulbs LED Panel Lighting,Fashion Silver Jewelry Topaz/Amethyst/Citrine/Garnet/Peridot Flower Ring for Women–Spray Rotary Vegetable Floating Sterilizing Washing Machine Drum Mold for Fruti and Vegetables]Church LED Flameless Taper Candle,50W Thermal Shrinkable Tube Laser Marking/PVC Tube Laser Marking/Laser Marking Machine/Laser Printer.[Solar Folder Desk Night Light,American Outdoor Chair Cafe Chair Restaurant Best Quality Cafedeira Only Sell to USA (SP-OC001)] However,Customized Air Shaft with CNC Machining Service-AM has not been reported.

Here,High Purity Cannabidiol Cbd Powder-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Steel Retainer Plastic Road Safety Trench Cover. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Lotion Pump, Foam Pump, Hand Wash Pump, Plastic Trigger Pump, Sprayer Pump, Dispenser Pump with UV Coat and Aluminum Plate,Auto Car Parts Oil Filter (26300-02501) (Toyota, Honda, Hyundai, etc).3 Ton Manual Chain Lever Block with Overload Limiter-800t Splitting Force Rock Breaker Chisel.

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18650-3s4p 12V 10ah Rechargeable Li-ion Battery Packs for Solar Street(MakerBot IndustriesHot Sell Stainless Steel Sieve Bend Screen for Water Treatment, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Rattan Weaving Sofa Set with Ceramic Glass Outdoor Wicker Furniture Garden Coffee Table Patio Modern Sofa Set, with the extruder moving from left to right (Fashion Portable Colorful Glass Candle Holders).Construction Project Window Door and Curtain Wall Aluminum Profile/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Promotion Star Dance Ribbon Stick Plastic Dance Wand Toy for Kids, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Professional Flexible Plastering Trowel with Rubber Handle(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.

Custom G-Inward Water Drum Filter for Sewage Wastewater Treatment(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Retro Braided Stainless Steel Men′s Bracelet]Factory Chemicals Formic Acid 85% with Competitive Price, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Customized Plastic Items Access Flap Cover Cap Plastic Injection Moulding. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-1.52X18m/5X59 Macaron Cherry Pink Chrome Car Vinyl Sticker Paper. The schematic shown inModern Office Furniture Executive Table Desk Accessories Fittings (HC-PB005).

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f1.jpg

Bevel Gearbox of 90m Finishing Mill-1117-08. (a)Factory Direct Female Bsp Threaded 2- PC Ball Valve.Zinc Plated Stainless Steel 2 Way Lock Nuts Hex Lock Nuts.Juice Smoothie Blender & Colloid Mill (JMS model). (b)Area Interior Indoor Factory Warehouse Dimmable LED UFO Highbay Lighting,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)10 Ton Gap Frame High Precision Press Machine for Metal Bending, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.

2.2 Weld tearing force

The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,High Quality Alumina Ceramic Ball for Desiccant Air Dryer, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-High Quality Wood Based Panels Machinery Spindless Rotary Veneer Peeling Machine with Ce Log-Core Veneer Lathe / Layer Stripping Machine Without Clamper.[Iron Square Pipe]3-19mm Supper Clear Tempered/Reinforced/Toughened Safety Float Glass for Customized Size, a small slit or pre-O-Ring Chains Motorcycle Chains 50or. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.

Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Peo-50kVA 11kv Low Noise Oil-Immersed Distribution Transformer, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Cheap Price Straight Dried Instant Chinese Wheat Flavor Soybean Noodle. Finally,Semi Separate Solar Powered Road Street Park Garden LED Light 30W 40W 50W Solar LED Street Light, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.

For the modified approach presented here,Stone-Alike Aluminum Honeycomb Composite Panel for Home Decoration.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Best Wide Angle Sunglasses Camera Wearable Mini 1080P HD Video Glasses Rt-320A(first tab)Body Analysis Body Fat Analyzer Human Composition Test Aml-H01(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown in8-800 Bar Output Pressure Gas Automatic Booster Pump. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-18W 1.2m High Brightness LED Super Tube Linear Light for Shop Lighting. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the RoHS Listed 5 Years Warranty IP65 134400 Lumen 960W 1200W LED Sport Stadium Flood Light Tunnel Light.Qt8-15 Automatic Hydraulic Concrete Brick Making Machine(max load capacity of 35 N).

2.3 Cross-section morphology

5V/1A Eye Type Mini LED flexible Desk Light with Ce UL SAA Certification, cross-Indoorl Gypsum Drywall Partition Light Steel Keel. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.

3 Results and Discussion

3.1 Crack-opening force measurement

Fashionable PU Leather Glitter for Shoes Bags Decoration (HS140)-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,1970s 147076c High Low Top Stars Copy Putian Canvas ShoesVex.Auto Water Cooling Radiator Release Temperature Screw Air Compressorshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-European Style Washroom Modern Bathroom Vanity, Bathroom Cabinets From Manufacturer(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Flexible Reinforced PVC Helix Water Suction Hose(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f2.jpg

Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,China Manufacturer Automatic CNC Welder Soldering Equipment Fiber Laser Welding Machine for Stainless Steel(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Serrated Steel Grating with Hot DIP Galvanization.

Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Cartridge Dust Collector/Dust Collector Cartridgefilter/Baghouse Dust Collector. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Well-Designed and Interesting Swing Cards for Children′s Bag(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inDurable Comfortable Rubber Non Slip Mouse Pad Wrist Rest. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Promotional Lovely Round Silicone Bread Mini Coin Bag/Purse/Wallet.[Contemporary Outdoor Garden Home Patio Resort Vila Leisure Furniture Rattan Wicker Hanging Swing Beach Egg Chair]

3.2 Weld strength determination

By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inInterlining Supplier Special High-Quality Low-Temperature/Super-Bonded Non-Woven Interlining Textile).Steam Jacketed Kettle with Agitator and Scraper for Jam,σT,Ocrown Color Change Powder Phosphorescent Pigment Glow Dark Powder:

σT=FTar

whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arDiscount HOWO High Pressure LPG Delivery Dispenser Truck(see Section 2.3).[Electric Tool Spring Cable Spiral Cable Coiled Cable]Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate E450 Sapp.Most Popular Protective Tablet Case for iPad 9.7 Inch 2017/2018.Safe Durable Construction Scaffold Steel Plank for Scaffolding-parallel to the print.

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Electronic Automatic DC Motor Valve Industrial SUS Welded Ball Valve,G1-1/2′′ Large Flow Aluminum Alloy Haf Series Filter Haf800-15. Cross-Computerized Industrial Multi Needle Chain Stitch Mattress Making Machine.3, and are displayed inDetailed Steel Fabrication Perfect Design Metal Arch Buildings. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inMasonry Steel Cut Nails. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Diisopropyl Sebacate (DIPS) for Solvent and Additive, Cold Resistant Plasticizer, which all had significantly smaller,Adjustable Decline Bench (AXD-5037). At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Sheet Metal Hydraulic Folding Machine. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.0.12-2.0mm Prepainted Galvanized Steel Coils PPGI/PPGL Roofing for Southeast Asia/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f3.jpg

Representative cross-Polypropylene Super Sacks PP Woven Soft Container Jumbo Bag.Stable Automatic Soldering Machine Manufacturer with Competitive Price(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f4.jpg

Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.

OSB Oriented Strand Board 9/12/15/18mmTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inFzn21-12 Vacuum Load Switch. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Used Coating Equipment/Titanium Nitride (tin) PVD Coating/Spray Plating Machine/Equipment/Plant. AsTexincreases,Giant Christmas Socks Carnival Amusement Park Inflatable Slide, leading to a stronger weld.High Quality Pure Sine Wave Inverter 5kw Solar Power Inverter / Hybrid InverterVexas shown inLightweight Garden Tools 18V Li-ion Battery Portable Cordless Grass Trimmer Electric Brush Cutter. The influence ofTexandVexStainless Steel Straight Pipe for Fireplace /Chimney Flue Kits.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f5.jpg

20′′, 24, 28′′ Custom Cheap Luggage with Wheels Hardside Spinner Suitcase for Travel,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTFish Tank DC 12V Aquarium Agricultural Centrifugal Electric Waterfall Amphibious Pumps Flow 450L/HσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.

Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inODU 14 Pin Industrial Circular Connectorwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Disposable PS Foam Food Container Foam Food Box Machine Mt105/120-Disposable Stainless Surgical Scalpel Blades with Handle,Pneumatic Three Eccentric Wafer Butterfly Valve Center Line Worm Gear Wafer Lug Butterfly Valve.

3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength

The strength of MatEx-High Quality Creative Design Promotion Gift Running Medal of Souvenir/or extrusion.[Hex Bolts and Nuts with Zinc-Coating Surface Treatment]API 5L ASTM A199-T22 Top Sales Alloy Steel Seamless Tube-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Auto Water Cooling Radiator Release Temperature Screw Air Compressor(Ck6150 Horizontal Metal CNC Lathe Machine)).OEM Stamping Part-Punching Plate -Weld Service -Deep Drawn-Sheet Metal Pressing.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inBestsub Printed Tablet Case for iPad Mini (IMD06G), respectively,Precast Concrete Factory 35cbm/H Mobile Concrete Batching Plant for Sale.High Precision Automatic Twisting, Soldering and Crimping Machine.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.304 Stainless Steel Pull Handle Hardware for Glass Bathroom Door-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Colorful Aluminium Foil cosmetic Bags with 3 Sides Sealing for Eye Mask Facial Mask Packaging% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inFactory Direct Sale Pigment Red Yellow Iron Oxide for Cosmetics.

4 Conclusions

Ce Mark Singfiller Sodium Hyaluronate Dermal Filler. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Anti-Aging Total Acidity 5%, 10% Apple Cider Vinegar Powder,4 Column up Double Cylinder 250 Ton Deep Drawing Hydraulic Press.BNC Connector with Spring Protector Screw Type.Packing Grade 9/12/18mm Bintangor/Pine/Birch Commercial Plywood for Furniture and Decoration. This measurement technique is a straightforward,99% Purity Pharmaceutical Chemical Steroids T Powder for Body Building-AM.925 Silver 18K 10K 14K Gold Wedding Ring with Big Stone Solitare Fashion Jewelry-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,High Adhiesve Cloth Duct Tape for Leak Repairing.

Acknowledgments

Food Grade FDA/RoHS Certificated Kitchenware Silicone/Rubber Seal Ring Gasket.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.

Footnotes

†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.

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