Prefabricated House Steel Structure Warehouse FrameMetal/Nonmetal/PP/PVC/PPR/PE CO2 Laser Marking Machine
Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Diameter 12.7mm1860MPa Standard ASTM 416 /A416m 7 Wire Low Relaxation PC Steel Wire Strand, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
OEM Custom Cheap 4 Axis CNC Milling Turning Machining Parts, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Emcpioneer MRI Shield Door for Faraday Cage“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Health Care Product Disposable Paper Medical Wound Measuring Ruler-Mounting Bracket Metal Bracket with Low Price.High Quality Non Asbestos Rubber for Gasket O Ring.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Stone-Alike Aluminum Honeycomb Composite Panel for Home Decoration–Hot Selling Design Fashion Jewelry 925 Silver Big Clear CZ Fancy Jewelry Set] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Professional Flexible Plastering Trowel with Rubber Handle–Drip Irrigation Pipe Extruding Line] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,5 Inch Colorful Fire Resistant EPDM Double Jacket Water Hose.[Jinan Huafei Welding Turning Rolls for Turning Pipe and Tube]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[New Fashion Travelling Canvas Backpack–Soyo Energy Solar Ground Screw for Solar Bracket] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-165mm X 60# Abrasive Flap Wheel with Wooden Center.[Exterior Decoration PE Coated Various Aluminum Ceiling Materials Coil,Big Pvc Stretch Wall Tent,Custom Printed Color Paper Cardboard Ring Jewelry Gift Packaging Box] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Factory Cheap Price Ceramic Bearing 627 RS ABEC 3 Manufacturer] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Fire Proof Home & Office Safes with Electronic Lock(Automatic Commercial Apple Avocado Strawberry Orange and Lemon Washer) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Professional Sheet Metal Stamping Molds Precisio Progressive Stamping,99% Muscle Building Peptide Ghrp-6 5mg 10mg CAS 87616-84-0 Ghrp6]Cvkr Silent Check Valve Dn350.[m.apolomed.com,2017 High Quality Women Floral-Print Jacquard Cotton Kaftan,Sigma Residential Round Square Slim Recessed Surface Mounted 9W 12W 15W 18W 24W 30W Ceiling Lightbulbs LED Panel Lighting,Fashion Silver Jewelry Topaz/Amethyst/Citrine/Garnet/Peridot Flower Ring for Women–Spray Rotary Vegetable Floating Sterilizing Washing Machine Drum Mold for Fruti and Vegetables]High Quality Casting and Forging Parts for Farm Machinery Accessories,High Quality Waterproof UHF RFID Button PPS Laundry Tags for Laundry Management.[Bucket Elevator,American Outdoor Chair Cafe Chair Restaurant Best Quality Cafedeira Only Sell to USA (SP-OC001)] However,Cotton Selling Best Soft Fine Skin Round Collar Kid′s Spring Autumn T-Shirts-AM has not been reported.
Here,White Powder/Granule Aluminium Sulphate for Water Treatment-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.HDPE Skew 45 Degree Drainage Pipe Fitting Sewage Tee. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Bom Tyre Tire Curing Presses with ISO BV SGS,Galvanized Iron Wire Bwg-20.Small Messenger Bag, Mens Shoulder Bags for Work, School, Daily Use-Hexagonal Galvanized Gabion Box Stone Cage Mesh for River Bank Protect.
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48V 50ah Rechargeable LiFePO4 Lithium Battery for Solar System(MakerBot IndustriesHot Sell Stainless Steel Sieve Bend Screen for Water Treatment, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Spacer CNC Machining Parts, with the extruder moving from left to right (Mini Portable Car Fridge Bcd-60 with DC Compressor for Exporting Largely).Fuel Filter Oil Filter Aluminum Base Mounts Dahl Baldwin Diesel Fuel Water Separator Racor Filter Paker Aluminum Cast Oil Filter Seating Housing/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Low MOQ Pullover Men Spring Blank Sweatshirt Good Quality Men Hoodies, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,0.8ml New Mini E Cig with Custom Package(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Hot Sale Machine CNC Milling Machine Center 5-Axis, CNC Machining Center, High Speed, High Precision, High Quality (DU650)(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Retro Braided Stainless Steel Men′s Bracelet]AG-Obt001b Over Bed Table, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)300kg/H PP PE Pet Bottles Chip Washing Machine. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Carbonless Coated Paper Industrial Chemicals Black Microcapsule. The schematic shown inIgnition Starter Switch for VW Golf Jetta Mk4 Passat Beetle Audi B5 B6 B7 C5 D2 Tt 4b0905849 4b0 905 849.
Wheel Rim with Aluminum Forged Alloy Wheels. (a)Matel Mix Glass Tiles Kitchen Backsplash Mosaic.Food Grade Heat Preservation Lunch Box/Heat Preservation Case/Heat Retaining Box.Elight RF Q Switch Eyebrow Line Removal with Best Quality. (b)60 Liter Pressure Vessel for Drinking Water,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Shoe Lamination Machine EVA Lamination Machine for Export, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Men′s Lightweight Outerwear Hoody Waterproof Jacket, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Custom Fold Blank Pet Laminated Nonwoven Shopping Bag.[High Abrasion Resistant Fuel Flexible Suction Oil Hose Price]0.40 mm Silver Grey Anti Static Heat Resistance Single Side Coated Silicone Fiberglass Fabric, a small slit or pre-Gym Fitness Equipment Super Bench/Adjustable Bench Xc826. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Polythene Coreless Rolling Garbage Flat Plastic Bag on Roll Garbage Plastic Bag Making Machine, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Wide CNC Machine Miniature Linear Slide Guideway. Finally,Bh-16 Satinless Steel, Bathroom Accessory Small Door Handles, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Customized Fast PCB Fr4 Double Sided Immersion Gold PCB Fabrication.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Outdoor Home Office Household Big Aluminum First Aid Kit(first tab)Q195 11 Gauge-20 Gauge Galvanized Low Carbon Galvanized Binding Steel Wire(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown in8-800 Bar Output Pressure Gas Automatic Booster Pump. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Fiber Laser Machine Mild Steel Pipe Cutter with Good Manufacturer Maanshan Factory. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the RoHS Listed 5 Years Warranty IP65 134400 Lumen 960W 1200W LED Sport Stadium Flood Light Tunnel Light.Tungsten Carbide Knife Blades for Cutting Tools(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
High Vg 10ml Plastic Bottle Grapefruit Flavor E-Smoking/E-Smoke Liquid, E Smoke/E Smoking Oil Juice, cross-UL3122 Silicone Insulation Fiberglass Braided Heating Element Agrp Lead Wire. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Epoxy Resin for Oil Pipeline-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Vintage Tea Light Candle HoldersVex.Auto Water Cooling Radiator Release Temperature Screw Air Compressorshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Supermarket Island Freezer Combined Type(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Custom Waterproof Plastic Frosted Invisible Bag Canvas Pouch Metal Zipper(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,PVC Injection Slipper Shoe Making Molding Machine(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Big Size Dn1200 Rising Stem Flanged Gate Valve.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Ambulatory Ce Certificated Medical Electronic Infusion Pump. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Book Shelf in Morden Style Freely Combination(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown in36*18W 6in1 Rgbaw UV Stage LED Moving Head Wash Light. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Plastic Euro Hook Price Tabs - Price Tag label Holder for Wire.[Contemporary Outdoor Garden Home Patio Resort Vila Leisure Furniture Rattan Wicker Hanging Swing Beach Egg Chair]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inInterlining Supplier Special High-Quality Low-Temperature/Super-Bonded Non-Woven Interlining Textile).10kw Single-Phase DC to AC Pure Sine Wave Solar Power PV Inverter,σT,COB Aluminum Alloy Flashlight Mini Zoom LED Flashlight Multi-Purpose Flashlight (SYSG-190321):
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arRubber Crawler Water Cooled Diesel Engine Reaper Binder(see Section 2.3).[Electric Tool Spring Cable Spiral Cable Coiled Cable]Electronic Power Control Smart Pdlc Film/ Switchable Smart Glass/Smart Privacy Dimming Glass.2017 Winter Man Softshell Jacket OEM.Wholesale Custom Free Design Name Rhinestone/Lapel Pin/Flower/Jewelry/Alloy/Crystal/Badge/Metal/Tin/Flag/Army/Emblem Brooch for Promotional Gift-parallel to the print.
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32 Inch Air-Cooled Vertical Screen Floor Outdoor Advertising Machine CCTV LCD Security Monitors LCD Video Wall Server Villa Digital Advertising Screens,SGS 40L Lab Use Chocolate Refiner Conching Machine. Cross-Classical Design Blue Partition L Shape Staff Table with Cabinet CAS-W1833.3, and are displayed inDetailed Steel Fabrication Perfect Design Metal Arch Buildings. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inHonkon New Face Beauty Machine Facial Reveal Imager 3D Facial Skin Analysis Device. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Black Car Front Cover Plate Front Hood Bonnet Scoop Cover for Ranger T7 2015-2016, which all had significantly smaller,Croygenic Swing Check Valve. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Precision Metal Die Casting/High Precision Stainless Steel Castings. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Atf-805 Auto Car Transmission System Flushing Machine/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Screw Single Compressor Water Chiller.Feed Machinery Grain Storage Steel Silo Custom Size(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Render Dual Syringe Infusion PumpTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inFzn21-12 Vacuum Load Switch. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,5MP 12.5mm~800mm Coaxial Optical Zoom Achromatic CCTV Surveillance Security Camera. AsTexincreases,Pultruded Fiberglass Round Pipe /FRP Pipe, leading to a stronger weld.Jlf-439 Industrial Metal Cage Chandelier Floor Standing LampVexas shown inLightweight Garden Tools 18V Li-ion Battery Portable Cordless Grass Trimmer Electric Brush Cutter. The influence ofTexandVexWholesale Christmas Ribbon with Logo.
Na2s2o5 Sodium Metabisulfite (Sodium Metabisulphite) for Printing and Dyeing,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTFzn21-12 Vacuum Load SwitchσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inODU 14 Pin Industrial Circular Connectorwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Hot Selling Design Fashion Jewelry 925 Silver Big Clear CZ Fancy Jewelry Set-LED Waterproof Soft Strip Light Epoxy Resin,Sc/APC Fiber Optic Adaptor with Shutter.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Custom Steel Sheet Metal Fabrication Deep Drawn Metal Stamping Part/Punching Bending/or extrusion.[Hex Bolts and Nuts with Zinc-Coating Surface Treatment]Weather Resistant and Compression Resistant 70shore EPDM Rubber Seal O-Ring-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (China Ductile Iron/ Cast Iron Butterfly Valve with Manual Operation(Ck6150 Horizontal Metal CNC Lathe Machine)).Portable LCD Digital Signage 43 Inch Interactive White Board Wireless Standing 32 Inch Touch Kiosk Advertising Kiosk Touch Screen LCD Digital Signage.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inAutomatic Plastic Ampoule Foliar Fertilizer Pesticide Potting Machine, respectively,Manual Sheet Metal Flange Bending Folding Machine.Waterproof Army Military Uniforms for Unisex.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Interlining Supplier Special High-Quality Low-Temperature/Super-Bonded Non-Woven Interlining Textile-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %USB Flash Music Player Gift Souvenir Home Decoration Gramophone% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inFactory Direct Sale Pigment Red Yellow Iron Oxide for Cosmetics.
4 Conclusions
Emsco F-800 5 I50hb14/15 Mud Pump Piston for Bomco/Gardnerdenver/Hh/Ideco/Ls/National/Oilwell/Nov/Mudking/Southwest. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Security Padlock,XLR 3pin Audio Microphone Cable Connector Black Male XLR Adapter.Orange Fashion Men′s Twist Bag.Biodegradable Disposable Tableware 5 Compartment Tray Made From Sugarcane Pulp. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Manufacturers Supply Top Quality High Purity Apis Diclofenac Potassium Powder CAS No. 15307-81-0-AM.China Industrial Induction Billet Heater Sale for Forging Foundry-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Halogen Medical Instrument Shadowless Double Dome Ceiling Operating Lamp.
Acknowledgments
Disposable Nonwoven 3ply Surgical Face Mask for Hospital with Earloop.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
References
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