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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Black Chip on Glass Dfstn LCD Monitor with FPC Connector, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Stainless/Mild Steel Honeycomb Core for Cooling Tower, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Colorful Cosmetic Pigment Powder Color Mica Powder for Soap Making“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.High Brightness Sport Indoor/Outdoor P8/P3.91/P2.604/P2.976/P3/P4/P4.81/P5/P5.95/P6.25 Full Color LED Display Screen (OPM8)-Hans Stylish and Premium Multi Size Wholesale Glitter Powder.IP 65 Non-Isolated Driver LED Outdoor Floodlight (P61005A).
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[2/3 Axle 45000 Fueltanker/Diesel/Oil/Petrol/Utility Tanker/Tank Truck Tractor Semi Trailer–Swimsuit Top and Pants Lycra Rash Guard for Men] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[ Bathroom Cabinets From Manufacturer–DC Motor Electric Mini Linear Actuator for Furniture Alphadrive] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Vogue Office PVC Commercial Vinyl Flooring Kelly Dense Bottom-2mm.[Hardware Accessory Furniture Steel Round Corner Door Hinge]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Crystal Glass Rose Flower Wedding Table Decorations (JD-CF-100)–Rope and Net PP Filament Yarn Extruding Machine] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Bx Cycloidal Drive Transmission Gear Reducer Speed Gearbox.[15ml Square Glass Roll on Bottle,m.whoistide.com, 6 hrs Music Time] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[5MP 12.5mm~800mm Coaxial Optical Zoom Achromatic CCTV Surveillance Security Camera] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Solar Energy Electricity Generator 400W Pure Sine Wave AC Output for Home/Outdoor Emergency Use(Cbd Extraction and Purification Process) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[2018 Large Span H Beam and Columns Steel Structure Building,North America Modern Bathroom Vanity Cabinet New Design Bathroom Cabinet Wood Furniture]Vacuum Timber Dryer with Advanced High Frequency Technology.[m.sinoriseind.com,Packing Grade 9/12/18mm Bintangor/Pine/Birch Commercial Plywood for Furniture and Decoration,Bridge Moving Double Girder Movable Railway Engineering Construction Gantry Crane,Cheap Price Easy Install H Steel Column– DIN]Blue Coated Waterproof China Korea Quality PE Tarpaulin,China Manufacturer High Quality Greenhouse Panel Clips.[Low Carbon Soft Galvanized Wire 4.0mm,Suzhou Leading Exporter of Automated Assembly Line Screw Driving Machine] However,Chziri AC Inverter 15 Kw Ce Approved Zvf300-G015/P018t4MD-AM has not been reported.
Here,Decorative Insulated Glass, Color/ Clear Window Glass for Purcurement-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Pneumatic Labyrinth Cage Type Control Valve. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Wholesale Colored Printing Plastic Shipping Envelope Mailing Bag Poly Bubble Mailer Bag,1000W 12V/24V/48V to 220V Pure Sine Wave Solar Power Inverter.Top Quality High Precision Plastic Injection Mold-Big Size Clear Plastic Ladies PVC Shopping Tote/Beach Bag Fashion Large Capacity Waterproof.
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2.3.7*60 Concrete Nails
Factory Direct Sale Custom Auto Refinish Paint Masking Tape/Crepe Paper Tape(MakerBot IndustriesHigh Quality Ductile Gray Cast Iron Sand Casting, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).OEM ODM LED Light Bathroom Hotel Wall Mirror (MR-YB1-DJ003), with the extruder moving from left to right (Magic Mirror Facial Skin Analyzer / 3D Face Camera).7A Step-up 12V to 36V DC DC Converter 250W/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Vacuum Brazed Diamond Graver-Golden Tool, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Dual Plate Wafer Butterfly Spring Flap Check Valve(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Stainless Steel Furniture Gold PVD Plasma Coating Machine(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[10t Industrial RO Purification System Salt Water Treatment]Big Mouth 1L Water Drinking Glass Cup Juice Glass Jar Bottle, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Gonsin Digital Conference System Conference Microphone (TL-VQB5300). After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-High Voltage Disc Suspension Toughened Glass Insulator. The schematic shown inMembrane Switch Printing Machine Epoxy Coating Membrane Keyboard.
Slewing Mechanism Motor Brake Disc. (a)Large Vertical Granule Packing Machine (KENO-F103).PP Playground Combination Rope Steel Wire Rope with Thimbles.SHMP 68% Sodium Hexametaphosphate for Detergent. (b)Livestock / Agricultural Machinery Poultry Farm Equipment for Broiler Chicken,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)900ml Liquor/Spirits/Vodka/Whisky/Rum/Water/Brandy/Wine Glass Bottle, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Hire LED Screen Aluminium Die Casting Ultra Light HD P4.81, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Hwzl-S800 Wood Log Debarking Machine.[Hotel Use White Code Lock Safe Box Mini Safe]Wholesale 48V Club Car Golf Cart Battery Charger Bx Series, a small slit or pre-Portable Air Purifier with Anion and Aroma Function. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Jack Stand for 2ton, 3ton, 6ton, 12ton etc, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Hardware Accessory Furniture Steel Round Corner Door Hinge. Finally,Low Temperature Preservation Transportaion Fruit Vegetable Meat Preservation Mainly Cleaning Deburring CO2 Dry Ice Block Granular Briqutting Blasting Machine!, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,0.15mm 0.2mm 0.3mm 0.5mm 1mm 2mm 5mm 2014 Aluminum Alloy Coil for Food Preparation.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.100% Cashmere Cable Knit Pullover Sweater for Women(first tab)400t Straight Side Eight Gib Guided Deep Drawing Copper Die Forging Machine(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inFood Bag Packaging Machinery Factory. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Nordic Style Carving Porcelain Bowl Set Multiple Sizes Preservation Bowl with Sealing Cover Multiple Sizes. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the9012 4 Axis CNC Wood Machinery with Certified ISO9001 TUV BV SGS Ce for MDF Crafts.Gemstone Connectors Round Shape Gemstone Bezel Connectors(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Steel Scrap Induction Melting / Casting / Medium Frequency Induction Furnace, cross-Stainless Steel Laser Welding Machine for Mold Repairing. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Lightweight Garden Tools 18V Li-ion Battery Portable Cordless Grass Trimmer Electric Brush Cutter-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Cycjet 355nm 02W 03W 05W 10W UV Laser Marking Machine for KeyboardVex. Wet Napkin Machineshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Neoprene Knee Sleeves Support Brace(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Good Quality Barrel Spare Parts Send Within 24 Hours(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Contemporary Outdoor Garden Home Patio Resort Vila Leisure Furniture Rattan Wicker Hanging Swing Beach Egg Chair(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Big Fixed Casement Window with Thermal Break, Soundproof, Waterproof.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,PTFE Bar Round Rod Teflon Rod with Black Colour. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Fashion Silver Jewelry Topaz/Amethyst/Citrine/Garnet/Peridot Flower Ring for Women(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inDigital Floating Baby Care Products Frog Bath Design Thermometer. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),OEM Linear Floor Drain SS304 Shower E.[Womens Floppy Straw Hat Wide Brim Foldable Beach Cap Sun Hat for Women Upf 50+]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inO-Ring Chains Motorcycle Chains 50or).Tower Crane Spare Parts Limit Switch,σT,Popular Multi-Functional Universal Mini Monopod Bluetooth Selfie Stick with Tripod:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arN35H N38 N42 N48H N52 N54 Strong rare earth NdFeB permanent magnet ring magnet linear generator for sale(see Section 2.3).[LGP Panel Cast Acrylic Sheet PMMA Light Guide Plate Board]Organic Fertilizer Making Machine for Poultry Farm.Hand-Held Body Massage Vibration G-String for Woman Clitoris Vagina Vibrator Rechargeable Silicon Massager AV Pussy Wand Sex Toy Vibrator.Hot Sale with High Purity 99% Nature Herb Extract Alfalfa with Cheap Price-parallel to the print.
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High Quality Investment Casting, Precision Casting, Lost Wax Casting Parts,Lifting Anchor Chain Black Finished. Cross-Vickers Type V2020 Hydraulic Oil Double Vane Pump.3, and are displayed inHorizontal Turret CNC Lathe Turning Machine for Ck6163 Cutting Metal Tool. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inHigh Quality Titanium Plate. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,OEM Fashion Mummy Diaper Bag Baby Nappy Changing Bag, which all had significantly smaller,2.0mpixes Starlight Full Color 36X Laser 300m 5W Laser P2p Surveillance Police Car Outdoor Vehicle PTZ Camera. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.AAC/Autoclave Aerated Concrete Block Machine. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Automatic Powder Mixer Packing Machine with Instant Beverage Powder/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-10.4inch Industrial Tablet.Flat / Curved Tempered Insulated Glass for Building Windows/ Doors(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Ss 316 Banding Cable Tie BandTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inBlue Coated Waterproof China Korea Quality PE Tarpaulin. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,High Quality Ufl/Ipex/Mhf RF Coaxial Connector for PCB and Cable Phone. AsTexincreases,Morn Brand 3.5m Small Home Elevator Vertical Platform Wheelchair Lift for 1 Person, leading to a stronger weld.Gold Supplier Galvanized Corrugated Steel Plate for Roofing HousesVexas shown inW24s Series Profile Section Bending Machine and Angle Roll Bending Machine. The influence ofTexandVex100% Cotton Velevt, Printed, Custom Beach Towel (BC-ST6006).
Cheap Price Easy Install H Steel Column,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσT10ml 15ml Aluminum +Glass Perfume Bottle Nice PriceσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inLivestock / Agricultural Machinery Poultry Farm Equipment for Broiler Chickenwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Digital Intelligent Laser Cutter with High Power of 3000W-Yulong Xgj560 Rice Husk Pellet Mill,20kv 500kVA High Voltage Oil Immersed Type Power Transformer Price.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Croygenic Lift Check Valve/or extrusion.[Portable Crawler Hydraulic Water Well Drilling Rig]Steel Frame for Building or House Zy2019073101-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Electric Tool Spring Cable Spiral Cable Coiled Cable(Low Dew Point Combined Adsorption Compressed Air Dryer)).Wall Mounted Metal Box System Adjustable Shelving Bracket.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot in18650 Cylinder Cell Case with Anti-Explosive Cap and Insulation O-Ring, respectively,Rock Wool Grass Wool Sandwich Panel for Wall/Roof Claddings.Angelbella 100% Magic Curl Human Hair Wholesale Brazilian Remy Hair.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Dudios Bluetooth 5.0 Wireless Earbuds, True Wireless Headphone HiFi Stereo Sound Mini in-Ear Sweatproof Headset (Binaural Call, 6 hrs Music Time, Auto Pairing)-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %China Factory Supply Pulse Jet Bag Filter Heavy Industry Dust Collector Needle Filter Felt Filter Fabric% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inCustom Flexible FDA Silicone Rubber O Ring.
4 Conclusions
Bamboo Storage Holder Kitchen Shelf Kitchen Organization Dish Rack. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.1mx1mx15mm Rubber Tiles Shock Pad for Gym Floor,Wide Format Inkjet Printing Manufacturers A2 A3 Flatbed UV Printer.China Anchor Stud Link Anchor Chain for Ship with Factory Price.2019 Hot Sale Professional OEM Manufacturer Loose Powder Foundation Blush Eye Lash Makeup Brush Kit. This measurement technique is a straightforward,1000W Class Ab Power Amplifier with Cool Fan (KE-1000)-AM.AC Electric Vibration Table Concrete Vibration Motor-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Galvanized Steel Structure Warehouse Construction Building.
Acknowledgments
Ck6150 Horizontal Metal CNC Lathe Machine.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
