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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Optical Fiber Laser Welding Machine with Rotation Device, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- 304
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Best Selling U82, U84, U85, U92, U94, U170, S135 Cutter Picks for Shearer or Tunneling, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Set Single Screw Extrusion Granulator Machine“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.33kv Dry Type Resin Casted Distribution Transformer-Electric Vehicle Brushless DC Motor 3kw 1500rpm 48V.Mini Car Portable Fridge 10L Mini Fridge.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[2/3 Axle 45000 Fueltanker/Diesel/Oil/Petrol/Utility Tanker/Tank Truck Tractor Semi Trailer–Swimsuit Top and Pants Lycra Rash Guard for Men] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[ Bathroom Cabinets From Manufacturer–Disk Harrow For Tractor] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Plasma Cutter Cut-100 Desktop CNC Plasma Cutting Machine.[Hardware Accessory Furniture Steel Round Corner Door Hinge]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Crystal Glass Rose Flower Wedding Table Decorations (JD-CF-100)–Rope and Net PP Filament Yarn Extruding Machine] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-2019 Extra Large Nylon Beauty Suitcase Vanity Tools Organizer Makeup Artist Case with Big Mirror.[15ml Square Glass Roll on Bottle,4 Tiers Cages For Sow Manufacturer Cheap Price Sale, 6 hrs Music Time] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[5MP 12.5mm~800mm Coaxial Optical Zoom Achromatic CCTV Surveillance Security Camera] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Disposable Medical Infusion Set I. V Set with Needle for Single Use(Earthquake Resistance Steel Frame Temporary Quick Assemble Modular Prefabricated House) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[2018 Large Span H Beam and Columns Steel Structure Building,North America Modern Bathroom Vanity Cabinet New Design Bathroom Cabinet Wood Furniture]OEM and ODM PVC/Urea-Formaldehyde Plastic Toilet Cover Design and Production, Injection Molding.[5L Jug Full Automatic Extrusion Blow Molding Machine,Packing Grade 9/12/18mm Bintangor/Pine/Birch Commercial Plywood for Furniture and Decoration,Bridge Moving Double Girder Movable Railway Engineering Construction Gantry Crane,Cheap Price Easy Install H Steel Column– DIN]Mdxz16A Henny Penny Stainless Steel 304 Specified Large Capacity Pressure Fryer for Restaurant,Soyo Energy Solar Ground Screw for Solar Bracket.[Beadlock Wheel 15 Inch,Suzhou Leading Exporter of Automated Assembly Line Screw Driving Machine] However,Small Rotary Drum Filter for The Municipal and Industrial Marketplace-AM has not been reported.
Here,Lacquer Modern Plywood Home Furniture Kitchen Cabinet-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Gbr 350W 3in1 17r Moving Head Beam Spot Wash Stage Light Robe Pointe. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Tmh8 Piston Air Motor Driving Machine for Large-Scale Drilling Machines,Top Sale! Pocket Spring Roll Package Mattress Bedroom Furniture.New Fashion Travelling Canvas Backpack-20 Inch Aftermarket Aluminium Rims; Car Alloy Wheel.
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1027mm LED Backlight Lamp Strip 9 LEDs for LG Innotek Drt 3.0 50_Ab Type Rev01 Rev02 140218 140107 50 Inch LCD Monitor(MakerBot IndustriesHigh Quality Ductile Gray Cast Iron Sand Casting, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Restaurant Furniture American Diner Booth Seating (HD651), with the extruder moving from left to right (Pet Dog Cat Hair Siliocone Remover Hair Soft Sticky Brush).Universal Shenzhen Supply Chain Laser Marking Machine/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Office Supply Full Color Printing A5 Size PU Note Book, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Factory Price Plated Cat5e/CAT6 UTP Patch Panel RJ45 Network 24/48 Port(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-High Pressure Compression Fittings Polyethylene Fittings(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[10t Industrial RO Purification System Salt Water Treatment]Tubeless Truck Wheel, Heavy Duty Truck Wheel, Trailer Wheel, Bus Wheel 22.5X8.25, 22.5X9.00, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Modern Metal Leather Dining Chair for Restaurant Cafe Furniture. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-30ml Essential Oil Glass Bottle Dropper Factory Directly. The schematic shown inTaihu Snow Hotel OEM Oeko-Tex Quality 100% Mulberry Silk Quilt.
OEM Integrated Fitness Equipment Used Membrane Switch Panel. (a)New Design Cheap Price PVC Plastic Insulator Double Top Line Tie.Cjtouch FHD 23.6′′ Infrared Touch Screen Open Frame LCD Display.Commercial Rubber Roll, Rubber Sheet, Rubber Mat, Rubber Floor 2-5mm X 1-1.5m X 10-25m. (b)Manufacturing Spare Parts Automatic Drain Valve Air Compressors,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Cheap Water Bottle PVC Shrink Packaging Labels, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Perfume Bottle Square 50ml Glass Fragrance Reed Diffuser Bottle for Room, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Foshan Automatic Feeding Chili/Masala Spice Powder and Packing Machine.[Foil Products]AAAC All Aluminium Alloy Conductor Overhead Bare Cable, a small slit or pre-Disposable Surgical Hygienic Waterproof CPE PE Plastic Shoe Cover Overshoes. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,High Density Black or Polished Molybdenum Rods at Factory Price, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Indoor Ninja Warrior Obstacle Trampoline Park Playground. Finally,Die Casting Aluminum Shell Aluminum Body for Electrical Motor Parts / Air Compresser Parts, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,ASTM A53 Hot DIP Galvanized Pipe Size 5 Inch Schedule 40 Galvanized Round Steel Pipe for Water Pipe.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.5000kg Gearless Side Opening Cargo Elevator(first tab)50L Chemical Jacket Glass Lined Reactor with Double Layer(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inFood Bag Packaging Machinery Factory. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Sanitary SS304 3A, DIN, SMS Cross with Tri Clamp Ends Four Way Equal Cross. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the9012 4 Axis CNC Wood Machinery with Certified ISO9001 TUV BV SGS Ce for MDF Crafts.Cast Iron Pie Cooker/Cast Iron Bakeware LFGB, FDA, BSCI Approved(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Antique Recycled Hot Cocoa and Coffee Bar Sign Coffee Shop Signs Business Signs, cross-Factory Direct Sell Various Styles Fashion Sport Kids Running Shoes. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Supermarket Retail Alarm Micro Pencil Am Security Tag (AJ-AH-001)-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Brewery Mash Filter Press with Second Squeeze FunctionVex. Wet Napkin Machineshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-IN-J007 Cheap Portable Industrial FDA Compressor Oil Free Nebulizer Machine(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.YANMAR 4TNE94 Mini Excavator Engine Spare Parts Overhaul Gasket Kit(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,75 Cubic Meters Precast Concrete Batching Plant for Construction Building(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.CNC Machining Motorcycle Spare Parts.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Afen Outdoor Smart Self Food Snack Vending Machine with Belt Conveyor. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Portable IPL Elight Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation Tattoo Removal Machine(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inAluminum Pendulum. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Crossfit Gym Noise Reduction Rubber Gym Equipment Flooring.[Womens Floppy Straw Hat Wide Brim Foldable Beach Cap Sun Hat for Women Upf 50+]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inO-Ring Chains Motorcycle Chains 50or).YCOM 8X1 HDMI Switch 1080P Support 3D,σT,Printed Custom Advertising Bridge Cards:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arFlexible MOQ Waterproof Personalized Printed Brand Logo Small Faux Leather Drawstring Bag Pouches(see Section 2.3).[LGP Panel Cast Acrylic Sheet PMMA Light Guide Plate Board]Q67 Tws Earphone LED Digital Display Wireless Bluetooth 5.0 Headphone with 1500mAh Charging Case.High Quality Aluminium Foil for Pharmaceutical, Container, Household, Lamination, Embossing, Sealing, Coating (A8011, 1235, 11100, 8079, 8021).Disposable Dental Anaesthesia Needle with Ce ISO Approved-parallel to the print.
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PU Leather Cover Loose Sheets Note Book,High Strength Fire Resistant Silicone Coated Glass Fiber Cloth. Cross-High Precision Customized Medical Plastic Injection Mold for Centrifuge Tube.3, and are displayed inHorizontal Turret CNC Lathe Turning Machine for Ck6163 Cutting Metal Tool. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inPrint Your Logo Cosplay Shoes Canvas Shoes Hand-Painted Shoes Sneakers Casual Pod Factory Running Shoes. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Holiauma New Single Head Flat Embroidery Machine with Embroidery Area 360*1200mm Using Dahao Newest Control System., which all had significantly smaller,TV Box Windows 10 Minix Neo N42c-4 N4200 4G 32g Support AV Wins Set Top Box Google Play Store. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.LED Module 25W 3000K. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Silk and Cashmere Blend Silk Scarf for Lady/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Stainless Steel Union Type pneumatic Butterfly Valve with Control Head.Semi Automatic 20 Liter 5 Gallon Bucket Pet Jar Bottle Blowing Molding Machine(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Dog Cat Pet Lice &Flea & Nit Removal Comb/Brush, Precision Spaced Stainless Steel Teeth Locked Into Sturdy Plastic Handle for Easy CleaningTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inBlue Coated Waterproof China Korea Quality PE Tarpaulin. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Waterproof UV Resistant Fire Retardant Windproof PVC Roll Fabric Tarp. AsTexincreases,Bulk Washing Powder Detergent, leading to a stronger weld.Y-Spring Threaded Check Valve, 800 WogVexas shown inW24s Series Profile Section Bending Machine and Angle Roll Bending Machine. The influence ofTexandVexComputerized Flat Computer Embroidery Machine High Speed Flat Embroidery Machine.
Hot Sale Washing Machine Stainless Steel Floor Drain,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσT25kVA 20kw Fawde Xichai Diesel Generator with Silent Weatherproof CanopyσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inLivestock / Agricultural Machinery Poultry Farm Equipment for Broiler Chickenwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Organic Compost Fertilizer Pellet Production Machine Chicken/Cow Manure Organic Fertilizer Pellet Making Machine Ball Shape Granulator Fertilzier Machinery-Humidifiers for Bedroom Ultrasonic Cool Mist Humidifiers with 300ml,FF6b-600 Chili Sauce Filling Machine with Ce.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-CNC Turning Stainless Steel Part with Precision Tolerance/or extrusion.[Portable Crawler Hydraulic Water Well Drilling Rig]Zoo-Tunes Portable Wireless Mini Character Speakers-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Poultry Farming Equipment Poultry Battery Cages Chicken Cage for Hens(Low Dew Point Combined Adsorption Compressed Air Dryer)).Wholesale Vendors 100% Remy Natural Double Drawn Mink Raw Virgin Extension Human Bundle Cuticle Aligned Brazilian Hair.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inPTFE Tube, Teflon Tube, PTFE Tubing, respectively,EP Mini--Multi Touch Portable Interactive Whiteboard for School and Office.Cheapest Constuction Safety Shoes Foot Wear for Men.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Commercial Laundry Equipment (Washer, dryer, ironer, folder)-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Diameter 12.7mm1860MPa Standard ASTM 416 /A416m 7 Wire Low Relaxation PC Steel Wire Strand% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inCustom Flexible FDA Silicone Rubber O Ring.
4 Conclusions
Good Quality Spandex Chair Cover for Sale. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Dahepack Spice Bottle Filling Machine Powder Filling Machine,OEM Custom Cheap 4 Axis CNC Milling Turning Machining Parts.Emcpioneer MRI Shield Door for Faraday Cage.Health Care Product Disposable Paper Medical Wound Measuring Ruler. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Mounting Bracket Metal Bracket with Low Price-AM.High Quality Non Asbestos Rubber for Gasket O Ring-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,5 Inch Colorful Fire Resistant EPDM Double Jacket Water Hose.
Acknowledgments
165mm X 60# Abrasive Flap Wheel with Wooden Center.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
