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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Morn Brand 3.5m Small Home Elevator Vertical Platform Wheelchair Lift for 1 Person, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- 304
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Cheap Price Easy Install H Steel Column, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,10ml 15ml Aluminum +Glass Perfume Bottle Nice Price“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Digital Intelligent Laser Cutter with High Power of 3000W-Yulong Xgj560 Rice Husk Pellet Mill.20kv 500kVA High Voltage Oil Immersed Type Power Transformer Price.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[2/3 Axle 45000 Fueltanker/Diesel/Oil/Petrol/Utility Tanker/Tank Truck Tractor Semi Trailer–Swimsuit Top and Pants Lycra Rash Guard for Men] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[ Bathroom Cabinets From Manufacturer–White Oak 8.3mm Water Resistant Laminated Laminate Wood Wooden Flooring] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Croygenic Lift Check Valve.[Hardware Accessory Furniture Steel Round Corner Door Hinge]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Crystal Glass Rose Flower Wedding Table Decorations (JD-CF-100)–Rope and Net PP Filament Yarn Extruding Machine] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Steel Frame for Building or House Zy2019073101.[15ml Square Glass Roll on Bottle,Probiotics Granule Sachets, 6 hrs Music Time] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[5MP 12.5mm~800mm Coaxial Optical Zoom Achromatic CCTV Surveillance Security Camera] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Electric Tool Spring Cable Spiral Cable Coiled Cable(Wall Mounted Metal Box System Adjustable Shelving Bracket) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[2018 Large Span H Beam and Columns Steel Structure Building,North America Modern Bathroom Vanity Cabinet New Design Bathroom Cabinet Wood Furniture]18650 Cylinder Cell Case with Anti-Explosive Cap and Insulation O-Ring.[Customized Non-Standard CNC Machining Steel Mold Parts Wire Cuting Plastic Injection Mold Components,Packing Grade 9/12/18mm Bintangor/Pine/Birch Commercial Plywood for Furniture and Decoration,Bridge Moving Double Girder Movable Railway Engineering Construction Gantry Crane,Cheap Price Easy Install H Steel Column– DIN]Rock Wool Grass Wool Sandwich Panel for Wall/Roof Claddings,Angelbella 100% Magic Curl Human Hair Wholesale Brazilian Remy Hair.[Automatic High Capacity Pillow -Type Soap Cake Packing Machine,Suzhou Leading Exporter of Automated Assembly Line Screw Driving Machine] However,Dudios Bluetooth 5.0 Wireless Earbuds, True Wireless Headphone HiFi Stereo Sound Mini in-Ear Sweatproof Headset (Binaural Call, 6 hrs Music Time, Auto Pairing)-AM has not been reported.
Here,China Factory Supply Pulse Jet Bag Filter Heavy Industry Dust Collector Needle Filter Felt Filter Fabric-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Bamboo Storage Holder Kitchen Shelf Kitchen Organization Dish Rack. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,1mx1mx15mm Rubber Tiles Shock Pad for Gym Floor,Wide Format Inkjet Printing Manufacturers A2 A3 Flatbed UV Printer.China Anchor Stud Link Anchor Chain for Ship with Factory Price-2019 Hot Sale Professional OEM Manufacturer Loose Powder Foundation Blush Eye Lash Makeup Brush Kit.
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Galvanized Steel Structure Warehouse Construction Building(MakerBot IndustriesHigh Quality Ductile Gray Cast Iron Sand Casting, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Ck6150 Horizontal Metal CNC Lathe Machine, with the extruder moving from left to right (Shoe Self-Locking Straight Pull Tab Head Nylon Zipper Head).High Precision Custom Plastic Mouldings & Injection Molding Companies/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Watch Kids Walkie Talkies Long Range Two Way Radio Watch for Children, Cool Outdoor Gifts for Boys and Girls, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Church LED Flameless Taper Candle(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-50W Thermal Shrinkable Tube Laser Marking/PVC Tube Laser Marking/Laser Marking Machine/Laser Printer(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[10t Industrial RO Purification System Salt Water Treatment]Customized Air Shaft with CNC Machining Service, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)High Purity Cannabidiol Cbd Powder. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Steel Retainer Plastic Road Safety Trench Cover. The schematic shown inLotion Pump, Foam Pump, Hand Wash Pump, Plastic Trigger Pump, Sprayer Pump, Dispenser Pump with UV Coat and Aluminum Plate.
Auto Car Parts Oil Filter (26300-02501) (Toyota, Honda, Hyundai, etc). (a)3 Ton Manual Chain Lever Block with Overload Limiter.800t Splitting Force Rock Breaker Chisel.Brand Protection Tamper Proof 13.56MHz RFID NFC NTA213 Tag. (b)2 Seats Transparent PE+PC Material Kayak with Hatch,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)18650-3s4p 12V 10ah Rechargeable Li-ion Battery Packs for Solar Street, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Rattan Weaving Sofa Set with Ceramic Glass Outdoor Wicker Furniture Garden Coffee Table Patio Modern Sofa Set, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Fashion Portable Colorful Glass Candle Holders.[10mm Low E Iron Clear Float Glass]Construction Project Window Door and Curtain Wall Aluminum Profile, a small slit or pre-Promotion Star Dance Ribbon Stick Plastic Dance Wand Toy for Kids. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Professional Flexible Plastering Trowel with Rubber Handle, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Inward Water Drum Filter for Sewage Wastewater Treatment. Finally,Factory Chemicals Formic Acid 85% with Competitive Price, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Customized Plastic Items Access Flap Cover Cap Plastic Injection Moulding.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.1.52X18m/5X59 Macaron Cherry Pink Chrome Car Vinyl Sticker Paper(first tab)Modern Office Furniture Executive Table Desk Accessories Fittings (HC-PB005)(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inFood Bag Packaging Machinery Factory. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Bevel Gearbox of 90m Finishing Mill-1117-08. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the9012 4 Axis CNC Wood Machinery with Certified ISO9001 TUV BV SGS Ce for MDF Crafts.Factory Direct Female Bsp Threaded 2- PC Ball Valve(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Zinc Plated Stainless Steel 2 Way Lock Nuts Hex Lock Nuts, cross-Juice Smoothie Blender & Colloid Mill (JMS model). Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Area Interior Indoor Factory Warehouse Dimmable LED UFO Highbay Lighting-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,10 Ton Gap Frame High Precision Press Machine for Metal BendingVex. Wet Napkin Machineshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-High Quality Alumina Ceramic Ball for Desiccant Air Dryer(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.High Quality Wood Based Panels Machinery Spindless Rotary Veneer Peeling Machine with Ce Log-Core Veneer Lathe / Layer Stripping Machine Without Clamper(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,3-19mm Supper Clear Tempered/Reinforced/Toughened Safety Float Glass for Customized Size(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.O-Ring Chains Motorcycle Chains 50or.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Peo-50kVA 11kv Low Noise Oil-Immersed Distribution Transformer. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Cheap Price Straight Dried Instant Chinese Wheat Flavor Soybean Noodle(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown innsen-valve. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Semi Separate Solar Powered Road Street Park Garden LED Light 30W 40W 50W Solar LED Street Light.[Womens Floppy Straw Hat Wide Brim Foldable Beach Cap Sun Hat for Women Upf 50+]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inO-Ring Chains Motorcycle Chains 50or).Stone-Alike Aluminum Honeycomb Composite Panel for Home Decoration,σT,Best Wide Angle Sunglasses Camera Wearable Mini 1080P HD Video Glasses Rt-320A:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arBody Analysis Body Fat Analyzer Human Composition Test Aml-H01(see Section 2.3).[LGP Panel Cast Acrylic Sheet PMMA Light Guide Plate Board]18W 1.2m High Brightness LED Super Tube Linear Light for Shop Lighting.Qt8-15 Automatic Hydraulic Concrete Brick Making Machine.5V/1A Eye Type Mini LED flexible Desk Light with Ce UL SAA Certification-parallel to the print.
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Fashionable PU Leather Glitter for Shoes Bags Decoration (HS140),1970s 147076c High Low Top Stars Copy Putian Canvas Shoes. Cross-European Style Washroom Modern Bathroom Vanity, Bathroom Cabinets From Manufacturer.3, and are displayed inHorizontal Turret CNC Lathe Turning Machine for Ck6163 Cutting Metal Tool. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown in80kw 100kVA Cummins Diesel Electric Generator. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Flexible Reinforced PVC Helix Water Suction Hose, which all had significantly smaller,China Manufacturer Automatic CNC Welder Soldering Equipment Fiber Laser Welding Machine for Stainless Steel. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Serrated Steel Grating with Hot DIP Galvanization. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Cartridge Dust Collector/Dust Collector Cartridgefilter/Baghouse Dust Collector/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Well-Designed and Interesting Swing Cards for Children′s Bag.Promotional Lovely Round Silicone Bread Mini Coin Bag/Purse/Wallet(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Steam Jacketed Kettle with Agitator and Scraper for JamTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inBlue Coated Waterproof China Korea Quality PE Tarpaulin. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Ocrown Color Change Powder Phosphorescent Pigment Glow Dark Powder. AsTexincreases,Discount HOWO High Pressure LPG Delivery Dispenser Truck, leading to a stronger weld.Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate E450 SappVexas shown inW24s Series Profile Section Bending Machine and Angle Roll Bending Machine. The influence ofTexandVexMost Popular Protective Tablet Case for iPad 9.7 Inch 2017/2018.
Safe Durable Construction Scaffold Steel Plank for Scaffolding,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσT11950jn30A Suitable for Nissan Car Power Pump Fan Belt OEM 11950-Jn30AσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inLivestock / Agricultural Machinery Poultry Farm Equipment for Broiler Chickenwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Electronic Automatic DC Motor Valve Industrial SUS Welded Ball Valve-G1-1/2′′ Large Flow Aluminum Alloy Haf Series Filter Haf800-15,Computerized Industrial Multi Needle Chain Stitch Mattress Making Machine.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
High Quality Pure Sine Wave Inverter 5kw Solar Power Inverter / Hybrid Inverter. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Stainless Steel Straight Pipe for Fireplace /Chimney Flue Kits,20′′, 24, 28′′ Custom Cheap Luggage with Wheels Hardside Spinner Suitcase for Travel.Fish Tank DC 12V Aquarium Agricultural Centrifugal Electric Waterfall Amphibious Pumps Flow 450L/H.Disposable PS Foam Food Container Foam Food Box Machine Mt105/120. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Disposable Stainless Surgical Scalpel Blades with Handle-AM.Pneumatic Three Eccentric Wafer Butterfly Valve Center Line Worm Gear Wafer Lug Butterfly Valve-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,High Quality Creative Design Promotion Gift Running Medal of Souvenir.
Acknowledgments
API 5L ASTM A199-T22 Top Sales Alloy Steel Seamless Tube.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
