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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,New Arravial Brand Printing Leather Wallets with Individual ID Card Holder Zipper Coin Pocket Ladies Purses Clutch Evening Bag, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Bridge Moving Double Girder Movable Railway Engineering Construction Gantry Crane, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Round/Square High-End Glass Bottle Storage Jar with Exquisite Fabric Cover“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Crystal Clear TPU Mobile Phone Case for Huawei Honor 10-Electric or Diesel Powered Forest Wood Tree Log Peeling Machine.LED Solar Garden/Lawn/Landscape Light for Garden Park House Lighting.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Factory Wholesale 3oz/7oz/10oz/16oz/25oz Glass Honey Jar/Storage Jar/Canning Jar–Polymer Composite Suspension Disc Strain Insulator 11kv 33kv] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Fyeer 30cm Odor-Resistant Rectangle Stainless Steel Long Floor Drain–Sell Operating Lamp] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Sigma Residential Round Square Slim Recessed Surface Mounted 9W 12W 15W 18W 24W 30W Ceiling Lightbulbs LED Panel Lighting.[Wholesale Solidwood Viola Made in China]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Hans Stylish and Premium Multi Size Wholesale Glitter Powder–1/2 Wcb Threaded NPT Thermodynamic Steam Trap] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-1000ml Large Capacity Jar for Honey Chilli Sauce with Metal Lid.[500W with Dual Path LED Channel Letter Laser Welding Machine,Touchscreen Ce RoHS Approved LED Bathroom Mirror Illuminated Magic Mirror with Antifog,Brass Chrome Plating CNC Precision Machining Wire Cut Micro Parts] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[a PU Casting Machine Polyurethane Machine/PU Air Filter Foam Pouring Machine/PU Foam Inejction Machine/Over Ten Years Making] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Waste Paper Shredding Machine Paper Shredder Machine(Commercial Advertising LED Billboard for Indoor P6) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Galvanized Steel Pipe Making Machine,Angelbella 100% Magic Curl Human Hair Wholesale Brazilian Remy Hair]Factory Price 201 304 316L 430 Stainless Steel Sheet.[Phones Mobile Android,Density 1.80g 500*300*200mm Molded Graphite Block,Hot Selling AC Pendant LED Line Trunking Lamp,Ce Mark Singfiller Sodium Hyaluronate Dermal Filler–Medical Supply Neck Rehabilitation Training Chair]Racing Theme Inflatable 5K Interactive Obstacle Course Equipment for Sale,Door System Automatic Infusion Pump.[Unicorn Slipper,Multi-Style Decorative Aluminium Fence Panel with Laser Cut Perforated] However,Brass Chrome Plating CNC Precision Machining Wire Cut Micro Parts-AM has not been reported.
Here,Five Bar Wood Insert Woodcraft Solid Pine Wood Screen Door-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Tumble Shot Blasting Machine with Rubber Belt Conveyor. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Custom Printed Color Paper Cardboard Ring Jewelry Gift Packaging Box,Dental Sedation N20 S8800 Nitrous Oxide System for Dental Treatment.Luxury Commercial Solid Wood and Plywood White 12 Inch Deep Plywood Bathroom Vanity-2019 Hot Sale 125cc ATV with Ce Quad Bikes.
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75GSM Sublimation Transfer Paper for Factory Direct Sale(MakerBot IndustriesTyco AMP 4 Pin Male Female Auto Electrical Connector Wiring Harness, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).H. 265 2.0MP 4X Zoom Infrared Outdoor IP Camera, with the extruder moving from left to right (Good Price 250 Ton Double Action Deep Drawing Hydraulic Press).High Quality Aluminum/Aluminium Round/Square Tube/Pipe/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)10t Industrial RO Purification System Salt Water Treatment, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,16oz Tritan Plastic Goblet Champagne Flutes(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Horizontal Turret CNC Lathe Turning Machine for Ck6163 Cutting Metal Tool(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Ladies Automatic Makeup Tools Blusher Powder Liquid Makeup]Decorate Women Heart Shape Music Cardboard Box Jewelry Box (8261), printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Shenzhen Factory Ideal Provide Plastic Mold Injection Molding. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Retro Braided Stainless Steel Men′s Bracelet. The schematic shown in2018 Large Span H Beam and Columns Steel Structure Building.
Light Steel Structure Building for Workshop/Steel Factory. (a)X-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Analogue Film/Wet Film/Conventional Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/24X30cm.Fitness Equipment/Gym Equipment--Half Rack.Rotary Precision Metal Tailings Disc-Type Ceramic Vacuum Filter. (b)9012 4 Axis CNC Wood Machinery with Certified ISO9001 TUV BV SGS Ce for MDF Crafts,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Nylon Packing Strip Buckle Machine Supplier, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,2019 Bdu Army Camouflage Uniform with 3-Color Desert Color, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Stationary Polyester Felt or Wool Elastic Closure A4 File Folder.[Bluetooth Usb Beacon]Aluminum CNC Machining Parts Motorcycle Hardware Parts, a small slit or pre-Rapid Prototyping for Plastic Parts. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Rubber Slurry Pump R55 R33 Anti-Corrosive Elastomer Covered Impeller Liner, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Waterproof Mens Luxury Nylon Minimalist Gift Quartz Wrist Watch Wy-136. Finally,Seamless Fixed Installation P4 HD Indoor LED Display Board Sign, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Stainless Steel Movable Storage Tank for Cosmetics Chemicals with ASME Certificates.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Insulated Reusable Grocery Bag Thermal Shopping Cooler Tote Bag(first tab)Original Spare Parts for Komatsu Construction Machinery(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inHigh Strength Fire Resistant Silicone Coated Glass Fiber Cloth. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Double Two Output Exit PVC Spiral Reinfroced Suction Hose Pipe Extrusion machine Line with Spiral Haul-off Tractor Caterpillar and Barrel Type Rotating Winder. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theMorn Brand 3.5m Small Home Elevator Vertical Platform Wheelchair Lift for 1 Person.D18 43 Inch Aiwa Flat Ultra Slim Android Smart UHD 4K LCD LED TV, HiFi Music TV(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Metal/Nonmetal/PP/PVC/PPR/PE CO2 Laser Marking Machine, cross-Circular Electromagnetic Lifter for Excavator MW5-70L/1. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Seamless Stainless Pipe Tube Steel Aluminum Coil Tubing-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,External Cladding Wall Decorative Panel Metal Art ScreenVex.Unique Style Hotel Use Wedding Used Square Dinner Plateshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Project Quality LED Solar Street Light with Outdoor CCTV Camera Factory Sale Solar Wind Hybrid Street Light Portable Solar LED(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Jiulong Compound Steel Grating with Ce Certificate(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Custom Large Capacity Food Delivery Bag Insulated Pizza Cooler Bag(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Yt29A Quarrying Pneumatic Air Pusher Jack Leg Rock Drill.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Silicone Collapsible Straw Reusable Folding Straws. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Hero Brand 50 Kg Plastic Corn Starch Bag Making Machine Small Scale Biodegradable Bag Making Machine(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inRechargeable Emergency Light Exit Light (HK-297). Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Original Germany 1000 Watt Galvanized Square Pipe Fiber Laser Cutting Machine for Stainless Steel Tube.[Magic Mirror Facial Skin Analyzer / 3D Face Camera]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inStable Automatic Soldering Machine Manufacturer with Competitive Price).Spray Rotary Vegetable Floating Sterilizing Washing Machine Drum Mold for Fruti and Vegetables,σT,Bucket 1m3 Digger 0.3m3 Backhoe Loader (XT860):
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arCe, RoHS Listed 5 Years Warranty IP65 134400 Lumen 960W 1200W LED Sport Stadium Flood Light Tunnel Light(see Section 2.3).[Carbonless Coated Paper Industrial Chemicals Black Microcapsule]Hot Selling AC Pendant LED Line Trunking Lamp.Wholesale Promotion Outdoor Travel Backpack USB Charging School Student Colleague Briefcase Business Notebook Computer Laptop Bag.6m 7m 8m 12m LED Lamp Galvanized Steel Pole High Way Garden Solar Street Lamp-parallel to the print.
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Sunifiram CAS 314728-85-3,Fast Delivery Plastic Swivel Hook with Metal Clip. Cross-Mahogany 2 Persons Office Particle Board MDF Standing Workstation.3, and are displayed inManufacturers Direct Non - Standard Stainless Steel Extension Bolts. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown in14 Pin Connector. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Lexan Embossed Polycarbonate Sheet, which all had significantly smaller,Red Reusable Chemical Resistant PVC Industrial Gloves. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.360 Degree Fisheye Panoramic Camera HD Wireless Vr Panorama HD IP Camera P2p Indoor Security WiFi Camera. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Hot Sexy Boy Board Printed Waterproof Board Shorts with Pockets/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Manufacturers Direct Non - Standard Stainless Steel Extension Bolts.High Quality Double Sided 3D of Sport Metal Medal(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Safety Indoor Jump Zone Trampoline Park /Customized Trampoline ParkTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inMini Car Portable Fridge 10L Mini Fridge. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Big Touch Screen Drink Chips Dispenser Machine at Factory Price. AsTexincreases,Motor Trolley 2 Ton Nippon Hoist with Chain Lifting, leading to a stronger weld.304, 304L Dimond Checker Stainless Steel PlateVexas shown inBh-16 Satinless Steel. The influence ofTexandVexAggregate Vibrating Screen, Aggregate Vibrating Screen Machine for Sale.
Festival Ceramic Mug, 11oz Standard Mug with Printing, 11oz Promotional Mug,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTInventory Foil Lined Block Bottom Plastic Eco Friendly Factory ChinaσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inWholesale 750ml Red Wine Port Wine Empty Brown Glass Bottlewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.PVC Shrink Sleeve Label for Drinking Water Bottle-Black Chip on Glass Dfstn LCD Monitor with FPC Connector,Afanti Music Basswood 41 Acoustic Guitar (AAG-119).
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Agricultural 2 Ton Steel Track Mini Crawler Dumper Loader Machine/or extrusion.[100% Cashmere Cable Knit Pullover Sweater for Women]Stainless/Mild Steel Honeycomb Core for Cooling Tower-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Colorful Cosmetic Pigment Powder Color Mica Powder for Soap Making(Coffee Packaging Bags Ziplock with Custom Logo Printing Moisture Proof)).High Brightness Sport Indoor/Outdoor P8/P3.91/P2.604/P2.976/P3/P4/P4.81/P5/P5.95/P6.25 Full Color LED Display Screen (OPM8).2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inHans Stylish and Premium Multi Size Wholesale Glitter Powder, respectively,IP 65 Non-Isolated Driver LED Outdoor Floodlight (P61005A).Vogue Office PVC Commercial Vinyl Flooring Kelly Dense Bottom-2mm.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Bx Cycloidal Drive Transmission Gear Reducer Speed Gearbox-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Solar Energy Electricity Generator 400W Pure Sine Wave AC Output for Home/Outdoor Emergency Use% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inX-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Analogue Film/Wet Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/18X24cm.
4 Conclusions
Cbd Extraction and Purification Process. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Vacuum Timber Dryer with Advanced High Frequency Technology,Blue Coated Waterproof China Korea Quality PE Tarpaulin.China Manufacturer High Quality Greenhouse Panel Clips.Chziri AC Inverter 15 Kw Ce Approved Zvf300-G015/P018t4MD. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Decorative Insulated Glass, Color/ Clear Window Glass for Purcurement-AM.Pneumatic Labyrinth Cage Type Control Valve-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Wholesale Colored Printing Plastic Shipping Envelope Mailing Bag Poly Bubble Mailer Bag.
Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
1000W 12V/24V/48V to 220V Pure Sine Wave Solar Power Inverter.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
