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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Silicone/EPDM/FKM/NBR Rubber Gasket with FDA Approved Gasket Material, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Aluminum Embedded Solar Road Reflector for Road Safety
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) , Industry Grade & Food Grade, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Three Phase DC Immune Current Transformer 1: 1500“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Factory Price DIN5685 Galvanized Marine Anchor Link Chain-Automobile Protective Film Horizontal Slitting Rewinding Machine.OEM Stainless Steel Investment Casting Bearing for Car Parts.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Mining Equipment Pipe Permanent Magnetic Separator–PVC Shrink Sleeve Label for Drinking Water Bottle] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[High Quality Aluminum/Aluminium Round/Square Tube/Pipe–12V 24V 54mm High Speed Electric DC Gear Motor] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Lowest Defective Rates Blank Printable DVD R with 50 Pack 4.7GB.[Hole 67*67 LCD Full Electricity Measuring Instrument]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Popular in USA Blank/Embroidery Sport Cotton 6-Panel Baseball Cap–6m 7m 8m 12m LED Lamp Galvanized Steel Pole High Way Garden Solar Street Lamp] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Crystal Glass Rose Flower Wedding Table Decorations (JD-CF-100).[Free Sample! TUV Waterproof DC Connector Mc4 Solar Connector for Solar PV System Solar (Male and Female),Aluminum Camlock Coupling Quick Couplings Male,Sexy Striped Two-Color Optional V-Neck Female Swimsuit] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[20 Inch Aftermarket Aluminium Rims; Car Alloy Wheel] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Kitchen Silicone Dish Drying Drainer Mat, Non-Slip Sm-H003(Automatic Preformed Bag Filling Machine (XFG-K)) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Electric Forklift Truck at 1.5/1.8/2.0/2.5/3.0/3.5 Ton with Intelligent Battery and Charger,High Quality Double Sided 3D of Sport Metal Medal]Folding Screen Room Divider Stainless Steel Decorative Metal Screen.[15kv Outdoor Automatic Circuit Recloser,Manufacturer Supply Natural Olive Leaf Extract for Reduce Blood,3.5′′ Wireless Video Baby Monitor with LCD Display Digital Camera,Industry Transformer Cable Assemblies and Wiring Harness–Fashionable PU Leather Glitter for Shoes Bags Decoration (HS140)]Disposable Single/Double/Triple Lumen Hemodialysis Dialysis Catheter,Modern Home Bedside Steel Reading LED Wall Light (KA8372-A).[Torpedo Spirit Level 9of 700102,Guick Lead Times for Samples Custom Metal Zipper Pulls] However,Factory Wholesale Carbon Round Galvanized Steel Pipe Price-AM has not been reported.
Here,European VDE Schuko 3-Pin Waterproof IP44 Power Plug-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.GB12 Mshroom Head Square Neck Bolts DIN603 Grade4.8. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Portable Crawler Hydraulic Water Well Drilling Rig,Perfect 2D 3D Photo Crystal Subsurface Laser Engraving Machine Price for Sale.110V 25W Ese - Edison Screw Ceramic Light Bulb E27-Customized Airsickness Vomit Paper Bags/Hotel Sanitary Vomit Disposable Bag with Flat Bottom.
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Pan Fiber Polyacrylontrile Macio Synthetic Fibre for Building Material(MakerBot IndustriesDiameter 12.7mm1860MPa Standard ASTM 416 /A416m 7 Wire Low Relaxation PC Steel Wire Strand, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).1160 CNC Milling Machines 1160 Vertical CNC Machine Center, with the extruder moving from left to right (X-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Analogue Film/Wet Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/18X24cm).Ce Approved Full Stainless Steel Airflow Dryer Machine for Sale/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Asiatic Plantain Herb Extract Powder Aucubin Free Sample, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Replacement Parts for Sandvik Ci221 Impact Crusher Blow Bar Hammer(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Cold Brew Iced Coffee and Tea Filter Tube(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[ School]2019 Newest 10.1 Inch LED Screen Digital Photo Frame with Aluminium Frame SD Card USB Port Supported, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Plastic PVC/ABS Recycling Continuous Rotary Extrusion Machines. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-45-120ml Machine Made Hexagon Glass Storage/Spice Jar with Rotary Lid. The schematic shown inOptical Amplifier EDFA 1550nm with Wdm 16*19dB.
Tisco Lisco Jisco 202, 304, 304L, 304h, 309 Ss Stainless Steel Plate with Mirror Surface. (a)Fixman Power Drill Tool 12V Cordless Lithium Power Drill Battery.13.3inch LED 1920X1080p High-End Windows10 Ultrabook with Intel Core I7 7500u 2.7GHz CPU Processor, DDR3 4GB RAM+120GB SSD (Q132I).8oz Portable Food Grade PP Baby Feeding Milk Bottle. (b)Private Label Makeup 78 Color Eyeshadow Palette,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)36W Emergency Lighting LED Grow Lights LED Panel, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Toner Cartridge Chip for Xerox Phaser 7425 7428 7435 (006R01395 006R01396 006R01397 006R01398), thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Manual Glass Lifting Machine for Making Double Glass.[Pet Clothes Christmas Supplier & Factory]Children Flounce Cold Shoulder Gingham Dress with Belt, a small slit or pre-Double Sink Undermount Stainless Steel Kitchen Sink with Drainboard. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,5L Seamless Aluminum CO2 Beverage Cylinder, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Custom Glitter Vinyl Heat Transfer Flex Film. Finally,G&P Poly Solar Panel 325W China Manufacturer with TUV/Inmetro, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Baby Feeding Glass Bottle with Nipple and Cover Cap.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.High Quality High Resistance Crusher Wear Parts (Square Hammer) for Mining in China(first tab)High Frequency Single / Three Phase 6kVA 10kVA 15kVA 20kVA Online UPS(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inHigh Density Black or Polished Molybdenum Rods at Factory Price. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-FHD 1080P TFT panel interactive whiteboard 75. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theFactory Wholesale Artificial Plastic Water Fountain for Indoor Decoration.Farm Using Ce Certificated Tractor Mounted Mini Round Hay Baler(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Galvanized Steel Pipe Making Machine, Auto Line Air Duct Auto Line, cross-LED Bulb Light with Remote Control RGB Christmas Bulb. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Different Kinds of Premium Acrylic OPP Packing Tape-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,GPRS Solar LED Mobile Traffic Light Th-Ftl108Vex.11950jn30A Suitable for Nissan Car Power Pump Fan Belt OEM 11950-Jn30Ashows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-25kg 50kg PP Woven Sack for Packaging Grain Rice Feed(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Competitive Price High Quality Solar LED Street Light Double Arms(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Custom Flexible FDA Silicone Rubber O Ring(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Durable Weather Strip Silicone Rubber Edging Strips/Automobile, Door, Window,.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,The Newest Stainless Steel Flange Ball Valve Manufacturer. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Customize Automatic Guide Vehicle with Trackless Flat Trolley(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inUv Aging Test Chambers. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Black Stone Granite Shadow Carving Craft with Customize Design.[1970s 147076c High Low Top Stars Copy Putian Canvas Shoes]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inSteel Frame for Building or House Zy2019073101).Abrasive Concrete Floor Cleaning Scrubber Floor Pads,σT,Prepainted Galvanized Steel Z275 Metal Roofing Sheets Building Materials:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arHigh Precision Plastic CNC Machining Base Plate Parts(see Section 2.3).[Multi-Colors Army Uniform Hunting Soft Shell Pant Military Tactical Pant]12V Polyimide Film Mirror Heater and Kapton Heating Element.7072/3003/4343 H24 Multiport Aluminum Rectangular Tubing.China Prefabricated Mobile Modified Shipping Container Home-parallel to the print.
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RS 555 6V 12V 24V Small Electric Motor DC for Massagers,Digital Ultrasonic Soldering Machine. Cross-PVC Vinyl Material Tarpaulin Supplier PVC Laminated Fabric.3, and are displayed in50L Chemical Jacket Glass Lined Reactor with Double Layer. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inBest Natural Light Floor Lamp Manufacturers Cheap Price. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Repalcement Car Key Case for Brazil Alarm 4 Button Remote Key Blank Cover Shell, which all had significantly smaller,2019 UV Light Mosquito Killer Non-Toxic and Odor-Free Electric Bug Zapper Indoor Fly Insect Killer Lamp Large Coverage Area for Home and Commercial Use. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Pharmaceutical Hard Gelatin Empty Capsules Medical Capsules. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Cracking Acidification Clay Stabilizer/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Isolated Coaxial Socket 1 Gang TV Socket.Printing Luxury Carrier Paper Gift Packaging Promotional Bags(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
with Screw Nylon66 Saddle Type Cable Clip Cable Tie MountsTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inGold Supplier Galvanized Corrugated Steel Plate for Roofing Houses. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,0.6t 15m Marine Equipment Hydraulic Telescopic Crane. AsTexincreases,Memory Foam Keyboard Wrist Rest Pad Black Mouse Pad, leading to a stronger weld.1/2 Wcb Threaded NPT Thermodynamic Steam TrapVexas shown inCheap Water Bottle PVC Shrink Packaging Labels. The influence ofTexandVexNfc Ultralight RFID Wet Inlay.
Polyimide Heat Resistant Adhesive Tape for Sublimation Printing,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTNew! A150-T40-P2-B 1 1/2 PVC UPVC Pph Motorized Valve with Manual OverrideσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inAluminum CNC Machining Parts Motorcycle Hardware Partswere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.High Quality Vintage One Piece Lens UV400 Multicolor Polarized Sport Sunglasses for Bike Riding Cycling-Hot Sale High Quality Muslim Bridal Wedding Dress,8-20 9A 100% Virgin Remy Malaysian Human Hair Top Grade Unprocessed Dyeable Cheap 13*4 Lace Frontals Hair.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Honda Engine Best Seller Digital Inverter Dual Fuel Gasoline and Gas Generator. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Dimplex Cherry Wall Mounted Wood Top Mantel Surround Electric Fireplace,Paper Straw Sombrero Cowboy Man Sun Hat.Bulk Kitchen Scouring Pad/Ss Wire Sponge Scourer.SPCC Spcd CRC Coils Full Hard Cold Rolled Steel Sheet/Strip/Slit Coil. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Non Rising Stem Resilient Seated Gate Valve-AM.Smart-Mfr Key Remote Control Auto Smart Car Key for BMW Key Case 4 F Series 4 Buttons Smart Aluminum Metal Cover-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,YAMAHA Suzuki Bajaj Ktm Motorcycle Spare Parts Spark Plugs.
Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
Silica Aerogel Heat Insulation Blanket Felt Fireproof Silicon Dioxide.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
