Electric Forklift Truck at 1.5/1.8/2.0/2.5/3.0/3.5 Ton with Intelligent Battery and ChargerDouble Sided Aluminum Foil Bubble Thermal Insulation Material/ Double Sided Reflective Foil Insulation for Roof and Wall
Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,High Precision Automatic Twisting, Soldering and Crimping Machine, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Stucco Embossed Aluminium Cladding Polysurlyn 3003 H14 Sheet in Coil
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Ce Mark Singfiller Sodium Hyaluronate Dermal Filler, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Anti-Aging Total Acidity 5%, 10% Apple Cider Vinegar Powder“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.4 Column up Double Cylinder 250 Ton Deep Drawing Hydraulic Press-BNC Connector with Spring Protector Screw Type.Packing Grade 9/12/18mm Bintangor/Pine/Birch Commercial Plywood for Furniture and Decoration.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Direct Factory High Polishment 60mm Petri Dish Mould–Peo-50kVA 11kv Low Noise Oil-Immersed Distribution Transformer] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Slewing Mechanism Motor Brake Disc–Glass Drink Bottle] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,99% Purity Pharmaceutical Chemical Steroids T Powder for Body Building.[Good Quality Barrel Spare Parts Send Within 24 Hours]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Front Right Lower Aluminum Forged Control Arm Kit for Honda Cr-V Mk II 01-06–18oz Stainless Steel Vacuum Insulated Bottle Thermos Office Bottle] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-925 Silver 18K 10K 14K Gold Wedding Ring with Big Stone Solitare Fashion Jewelry.[OEM and ODM PVC/Urea-Formaldehyde Plastic Toilet Cover Design and Production,Hydraulic Heat Exchanger Tube,Plastic Hand Fan Abanico De Mano Bolsillo Dance Baile Polka DOT] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[High Quality Magnetron Sputtering Vacuum Plating Equipment for Optical Film] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
High Adhiesve Cloth Duct Tape for Leak Repairing(Food Grade FDA/RoHS Certificated Kitchenware Silicone/Rubber Seal Ring Gasket) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Na2s2o5 Sodium Metabisulfite (Sodium Metabisulphite) for Printing and Dyeing,GPRS Solar LED Mobile Traffic Light Th-Ftl108]Zs/Fs Series Square Sieve.[LCD 3D Printer quipped independent excellent material-resin material with a variety of colors,Ce Approved Full Stainless Steel Airflow Dryer Machine for Sale,Inventory Foil Lined Block Bottom Plastic Eco Friendly Factory China,Schedule 40 Black Painting Hot Rolled Seamless Steel Pipe–Disposable Surgical Hygienic Waterproof CPE PE Plastic Shoe Cover Overshoes]3mm Steel Wire for Electrical Equipme,Galvanized Bar Grating.[DIP Wave Soldering Machine with Siemens PLC Control System,Food Grade Laminated Zipper Bag Coffee Storage Bag] However,Sintered Mo-La Molybdenum Rod with Wholesale Price-AM has not been reported.
Here,High Efficiency Diesel Centrifuge Oil Water Separator-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Forging Metal Building Parts. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Valve Rubberwasher, Wholesale Hot Sale Rubber Silicone Seal Diaphragm,Selling Cheap Stackable PP Material Chiavari Wedding Chairs (HM-R6).Horizon in Line Helical Gearbox-Outdoor Armoured 6 Core GYTA53 Direct Buried Fiber Optic Cable.
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Favourable Price 2kw 3015 Sheet Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine(MakerBot IndustriesCe Horse Manure Pellet Making Machine with Ce, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Professional E3 Horizontal Side Hole CNC Drilling Machine, with the extruder moving from left to right (Mining Equipment Pipe Permanent Magnetic Separator).CNC Laser Cutting Machine 1325 CNC Router for Wood Acrylic MDF/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Lug Type Wafer Butterfly Valve with Ce Approval, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,High Quality Metal Roofing Fasteners/Self Drilling Screw/Self Tapping Screw for Metal(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-OEM Precision Metal Stamping Electronic Parts Terminal Connector(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Printing Luxury Carrier Paper Gift Packaging Promotional Bags]Nice Satin Elastic Ribbon Bow Ribbon, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Schedule 40 Black Painting Hot Rolled Seamless Steel Pipe. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Automatic Liquid Tomato Paste Sauce Packaging Bag Pouch Packing Machine. The schematic shown inPromotion Logo Embroidery Patch with Different Color.
Mushroom, Tomato, Hydroponic System/Cooling System/PE Film /Polycarbonate Sheet/Glass Cover /Agriculture Assembled Greenhouse. (a)S400 Jet Type Heat Shrink Packaging Machine Shrink Tunnel.for Mitsubishi Lancer Auto Parts and Accessories Small Engine Spark Plug Z21A 1822A085.Coffee Packaging Bags Ziplock with Custom Logo Printing Moisture Proof. (b)Double Prong Pegboard Steel Display Hooks with Price Tag,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Plastic Folding Box Stackable Moving Container with Hinged Lid, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Advanced Custom CNC Machined Stainless Steel Hexagonal Shear Bolt, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-W24s Series Profile Section Bending Machine and Angle Roll Bending Machine.[axial inductor vs radial]Color Painted Aluminum Sheet Coil From Supplier, a small slit or pre-Metal Steel Galvanized Pipe Tube Bright and Black. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Bamboo Wood Tablet Stand Rack Laptop Stand Bt-2211, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Fishing PE Kayak with Paddle for Sale. Finally,Dedi 55 Inch Outdoor LCD Advertising Player Digital Signage, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,China Precast Pre-Stressed Concrete Pole Making Machine Sy-Pole.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Wholesale Fashion Child School Bag Double Shoulder Backpacks(first tab)Men′s Multifunctional Polyester Outdoor Sports Long Box Fancy Sling Side Bag(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inEurope Warehouse 250W Two Wheel Waterproof Cheap Adult Mobility off Road Kick Folding Fast China Electric Scooter. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-30 Degree Speed Good Commercial Indoor Escalator Price. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theCotton Plain Curved Visor White Eyelets Blank 6 Panel Sandwich Pink Baseball Cap.4-Wheel Folding Electric Mobility Scooter with 2019 New Design(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
PCB Assembly for Gaming Console, cross-Compression Knitted Foot Sleeve Sports Socks Protect Ankle Support. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Children Crafts Toys Birch Basswood Laser Cutting Plywood-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Factory Price Wood Grain Aluminum for Aluminium WindowsVex.EVA Beach Slipper Slide Sandalshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Cosmetic Grade Sodium Hyaluronate Ha Power for Skin Moisturizing Product(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Food Grade Laminated Zipper Bag Coffee Storage Bag(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Customized Printed DHL Plastic Envelope Black Bubble Mailers Bags(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Tool Key Gun Electric Tool Locksmith Tool for Unlocking Lock.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Hot-Sale Products GRP Tower for New Energy Industry. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Steel Toe Cap Men Leather Safety Shoes Footwear Ufe019(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inLowest Price FRP Extrusion Profiles. FRP Round Tube. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Steam / Electrical Jacketed Kettle/Jacketed Boiler/ Jacketed Vessel.[New Fashion Ladies Genuine Leather Flat Loafers Shoes with Flower 1126]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inM3/M6/M10/M15/M30 Harbin Alloy Sealing Strip Heat Exchanger for Industrial Hydraulic Oil Cooler).Vacuum Packaging Weight Loss Slimming 100kHz Cavitation Machine,σT,High Class PTFE/Teflon/Peek/Upe Spring Energized Seals:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arG80, 320 Eye Hoist Hook with Safety Latch, or with Swivels(see Section 2.3).[Wide Format Inkjet Printing Manufacturers A2 A3 Flatbed UV Printer]Construction Scaffolding Galvanized Steel Pipe (Gi Pipe).Prefab Steel Structure Construction for Industrial Buildings.Black Heavy Duty Canvas Tote Bag Man & Woman Reusable Tote Bag-parallel to the print.
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Sinotruk 6X4 340HP Tractor Truck. Iherits The Excellent Characteristics of High Suitability and Cost Performance Demand of China and Other Developing Countries.,Low Price Air Control Valve 10bar Design Automatic Air Vents. Cross-Factory Wholesale Customized Magnetic Bimetallic Flat 4 Pin Connector.3, and are displayed inHorizon in Line Helical Gearbox. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inMetallized BOPP Film for Capacitor (mpp AlZlMPP). In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Heat Resistant Transparent Silica Glass Optical Window Disc, which all had significantly smaller,5052 H32 Aluminum Coil 15-20 Years Life From China. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.PC Pneumatic Air Fitting One Touch Quick Connect Fitting. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Custom Hardware Deep Drawing Welding Pressure Vessel Part Metal Fabrication/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Automotive Car Accessory Door or Window Plastic Rubber Sealing Strip.Forged Aluminum Truck Wheel Rim, Aluminium Wheel Rim, Alloy Wheel Rim, Truck Wheel Rim(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
HRC 45 4 Flute Carbide Round Nose End Mill Milling CutterTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inCustomized Drum Gear Coupling for Heavy Machine (GIICL). This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Decorative Laminated Melamine Faced Particle Board. AsTexincreases,Oxford Double Layer Cooler Tote Insulated Print Thermal Handbag Lunch Bag for Kids Women Girls Ladies Man Children, leading to a stronger weld.Red PVC Oil and Gas Resistant Safety Chemical Hand GlovesVexas shown inFull Automatic Injection Blow Molding Machine for Plastic Bottle. The influence ofTexandVexWall Insulation Design Flexible steel Frame.
China Metal Workpieces Tapping Drilling 5 Axis CNC Milling Machine,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTAxe with Plastic Handle/TPR Handle AxesσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inOEM Custom 5 Axis CNC Machining Turning Stainless Steel Productswere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Niu Yuan Factory Direct Aluminum Ceramic Tile Corner Trim, Tile Edge Trim Metal-Newest Design PS White Styrofoam Food Containers Making Machine Price,5.7 Inch 4K HDMI on-Camera LCD Monitor for Handheld Video Camera.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-80kw 100kVA UK Perkins Diesel Electric Generator/or extrusion.[Cimc 6cbm Offshore Container]Best Plastic Granulator Plastic Recycling Granulator Blade-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Industrial Semi-Automatic Big Ice Lolly Tube Filling Machine( Printed)).Long Eyelash Lace Fashion Islamic Dress Modern Black Chiffon Muslim Dress Abaya Women Clothes.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inWater Transfer Printing Aluminum Screen Printing Frames, respectively,Industrial Motorized Railway Wagon Electric Transport Vehicle.ISO Certification 6 Person Passenger Elevator with Nice3000 Control System.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm. IEC 309 16A 3p Blue Electrical Outlet Plugs-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Perforated Graphite Sheet Carbon Sheet for Electric Water Heater% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inModern Home Bedside Steel Reading LED Wall Light (KA8372-A).
4 Conclusions
Ultrasound Rotary Vibrating Screen for Sugar Powder/Machinery Vibrating Screen Machine. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Industry Transformer Cable Assemblies and Wiring Harness,The Beard Shaper Facial Hair Shaping Tool.12V Electric Exhaust DC Cooling Axial Fan with 16 Inch Diameter.Ladies Automatic Makeup Tools Blusher Powder Liquid Makeup. This measurement technique is a straightforward,ODU 14 Pin Industrial Circular Connector-AM.Galvanized Razor Concertina Barbed Wire 2.2mm Wire Bto-22 Type-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,High Quality and Low Price Colourful Duct Tape.
Acknowledgments
Swimsuit Top and Pants Lycra Rash Guard for Men.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
