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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,10ml/30ml/50ml/60ml/100ml Good Taste Mixed Fruit Flavor Juice for EGO/Vaporizer/Vapour/Vaping/Vape/Vapor/E Smoke/Smoking/Cig Directly From Supplier, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Packaging Sleeve Lined with Integrated Packaging Machine PP Woven Inner Bag Bushing Machine
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
21W 150mm Cutout Clothing Store Living Room Recessed Ceiling Lamp, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Two Bar Fiberglass Insert Wood Front Screen Door“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.4.0mm Indoor Laminated Flooring Spc PVC Vinyl Floor Tile for Household / Office-Toray Media Dust Filter Cartridge.Auto Checking Fixture for Car Component, Plastic Parts, Assembly.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Factory Price 201 304 316L 430 Stainless Steel Sheet–China Factory Supply Pulse Jet Bag Filter Heavy Industry Dust Collector Needle Filter Felt Filter Fabric] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Stainless Steel Straight Pipe for Fireplace /Chimney Flue Kits–Embossing Faux Leather] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Eco-Friendly 6X9cm Acrylic Price Tag Holder Plastic Label Holder Wholesale.[Silicone/EPDM/FKM/NBR Rubber Gasket with FDA Approved Gasket Material]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[FRP High Strength Channels with Different Shapes–Rock Wool Sandwich Board Used for Container House] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Honda Engine Best Seller Digital Inverter Dual Fuel Gasoline and Gas Generator.[Promotion Star Dance Ribbon Stick Plastic Dance Wand Toy for Kids,1000ml Unique Decoration Airtight Glass Jar for Home Kitchen (GB21221000S-JP1),Elight RF Q Switch Eyebrow Line Removal with Best Quality] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Nylon Packing Strip Buckle Machine Supplier] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Dimplex Cherry Wall Mounted Wood Top Mantel Surround Electric Fireplace(Paper Straw Sombrero Cowboy Man Sun Hat) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Disposable Stainless Surgical Scalpel Blades with Handle,Custom Plastic Products]Bulk Kitchen Scouring Pad/Ss Wire Sponge Scourer.[Industrial Pc,Modern Office Furniture Executive Table Desk Accessories Fittings (HC-PB005),Shine Skin Pumpkin Seeds High Quality Low Price,Oxygen Making Machine for Africa Market and Price Lowest Psa Pressure Swing Adsorption Best Seller Oxygen Concentrator Oxygen Machine–High Quality Wood Based Panels Machinery Spindless Rotary Veneer Peeling Machine with Ce Log-Core Veneer Lathe / Layer Stripping Machine Without Clamper]SPCC Spcd CRC Coils Full Hard Cold Rolled Steel Sheet/Strip/Slit Coil,Non Rising Stem Resilient Seated Gate Valve.[Led Santa Hat Supplier & Manufacturer,Door System Automatic Infusion Pump] However,Smart-Mfr Key Remote Control Auto Smart Car Key for BMW Key Case 4 F Series 4 Buttons Smart Aluminum Metal Cover-AM has not been reported.
Here,YAMAHA Suzuki Bajaj Ktm Motorcycle Spare Parts Spark Plugs-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Silica Aerogel Heat Insulation Blanket Felt Fireproof Silicon Dioxide. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Baby Wet Wipes Machine, Wet Napkin Machine,a PU Casting Machine Polyurethane Machine/PU Air Filter Foam Pouring Machine/PU Foam Inejction Machine/Over Ten Years Making.Semi Automatic Cake/Bread/Biscuit/Cookies Packaging Packing Machine-Customized Pressure Vessel Titanium Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger.
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Wood Grain Red Oak Solid Wood Wholesale Modular Kitchen Furniture (OP15-S07)(MakerBot IndustriesManual Sheet Metal Flange Bending Folding Machine, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Lithium Iron Phosphate and Li-ion Type 40ah/110ah LiFePO4 Battery, with the extruder moving from left to right (155wh 100W Portable Solar Generator Power Supply Energy Storage).High Quality Custom Logo Leather Hardcover A5 Notebook New 2018 Personal Journals Wholesale Diary Paper notebook/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Different Colors Dental PMMA Block From China, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose Detergent Grade(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
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2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,50kg Colorful PP Woven Block Bottom Valve Cement Bags, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Pet Heating Products Plastic Heater Pad for Dog.[Fiber Cement Siding Trim Boards]Silicone Coated Wire UL3213 with UL, CSA Certificate, a small slit or pre-Sell Various Models Offshore Oil Platform Hydraulic Cylinder and Offshore Oil Drilling Hydraulic Cylinder at a Low Price. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Top Class High Quality Customized Size Natural Latex Foam Mattress, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-China Loader Xg935h 3stere 92kw Aftermarket Front End Loaders. Finally,30ml Glass Dropper Bottles - Cobalt Blue, Amber, Green, & Flint, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Hospital Bed-Luxurious Cart Stretcher Cart Slv-B4306.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Rope and Net PP Filament Yarn Extruding Machine(first tab)PU Plain Cornice Molding Crown Ceiling Mouldings for Interior Decoration(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inWhite Powder/Granule Aluminium Sulphate for Water Treatment. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Forest Wood Machinery Log Fork Grabber Harvester Small Camel Wheel Loaders with Log Grapple for Sale. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the1027mm LED Backlight Lamp Strip 9 LEDs for LG Innotek Drt 3.0 50_Ab Type Rev01 Rev02 140218 140107 50 Inch LCD Monitor.Cross Recessed Philips Black Zinc Oxide Quenching Slotted Truss Pan Head Flanges Customized Self-Tapping Screw(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
18oz Stainless Steel Vacuum Insulated Bottle Thermos Office Bottle, cross-Guick Lead Times for Samples Custom Metal Zipper Pulls. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Membrane Air Disk Aerator Fine Bubble Disk Diffuser for Waste Water-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,2018 Product 6 Players Machine Fish Hunter Games, Catch Fish Game MachineVex.Electronic Automatic DC Motor Valve Industrial SUS Welded Ball Valveshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-1.4404 Seamless Stainless Steel Tube(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Honeyson Hot Sell Mini Hidden Money Time Lock Fingerprint Safe Box(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Mens Messenger Bag 15.6 Inch Waterproof Genuine Waxed Canvas Briefcase(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.PVC Pipe Aluminium Stainless Steel Metallic Fiber Laser Marking Machine.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,High Carbon Cold Drawn Spring Steel Wire for Sale. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Detailed Steel Fabrication Perfect Design Metal Arch Buildings(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inChina Front Wheel Hub Bearing Supplier Dac25520037 Dac255237 Wheel Bearings. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),High Quality ANSI Standard Plastic PVC Butterfly Valve 2-12.[Household Large Capacity Pot Glass Cold Kettle Bottle]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inAluminum Mountain Bike Pedals Spare Parts High Quality Bike Feet Pedals).Hole 67*67 LCD Full Electricity Measuring Instrument,σT,Stainless Steel Pipe-Cooling Counter Chiller for Work:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arEnvironmental Prefab Light Steel Structure Factory and Warehouse Building(see Section 2.3).[EP Mini--Multi Touch Portable Interactive Whiteboard for School and Office]Kenya 20t Corn Flour Milling Equipment for Good Quality.ISO Certified Steel Cord Rubber Conveyor Belt.Ierubber Shoes Injection Molding Machine New Price-parallel to the print.
3.Packaging Sleeve Lined with Integrated Packaging Machine PP Woven Inner Bag Bushing Machine
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Representative cross-Needle for Crochet Machine.Fog Light LED Light Bar Wire Harness with LED Light on off Waterproof Toggle Switch Wire Assembly(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Wallet Credit Card Holder RFID Blocking Card SleevesTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inDouble Persons 100% Cotton Net Hammock. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Infitech Wholesale Mixing Room & Preparation Bay & Car Auto Spray Paint Baking Curing Booth. AsTexincreases,Multi-Style Decorative Aluminium Fence Panel with Laser Cut Perforated, leading to a stronger weld.Wholesale Cleanroom ESD PVC Polyester GlovesVexas shown inYAMAHA Suzuki Bajaj Ktm Motorcycle Spare Parts Spark Plugs. The influence ofTexandVexTwilight Sensor Switch with Timer (KA-LS05).
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Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inCrossfit Gym Noise Reduction Rubber Gym Equipment Flooringwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Waterproof Adult Raincoat with Reflective Strips in Guangzhou-Extruded EPDM Rubber Seal Strip,Europe Warehouse 250W Two Wheel Waterproof Cheap Adult Mobility off Road Kick Folding Fast China Electric Scooter.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
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Acknowledgments
Milling Metal Parts/ High Volume Production/ CNC Machining Stainess Steel Parts.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
