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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Horizon in Line Helical Gearbox, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Rotary Precision Metal Tailings Disc-Type Ceramic Vacuum Filter
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
High Gloosy Popular TV Cabinet TV Stand with LED, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Favourable Price 2kw 3015 Sheet Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Professional E3 Horizontal Side Hole CNC Drilling Machine-Mining Equipment Pipe Permanent Magnetic Separator.CNC Laser Cutting Machine 1325 CNC Router for Wood Acrylic MDF.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[YAMAHA Suzuki Bajaj Ktm Motorcycle Spare Parts Spark Plugs–Crossfit Gym Noise Reduction Rubber Gym Equipment Flooring] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Different Kinds of Premium Acrylic OPP Packing Tape–Pet Can with Aluminum Lid] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Lug Type Wafer Butterfly Valve with Ce Approval.[Waterproof Adult Raincoat with Reflective Strips in Guangzhou]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Brand Protection Tamper Proof 13.56MHz RFID NFC NTA213 Tag–PVC Injection Slipper Shoe Making Molding Machine] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-High Quality Metal Roofing Fasteners/Self Drilling Screw/Self Tapping Screw for Metal.[LC Duplex/ Quad Multimode Fiber Optic Adapter with Shutter,Antibacterial Mesh Fabric High Quality Supplier,High Purity Aluminum Ingot with Low Price for Sale] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Y-Spring Threaded Check Valve] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
OEM Precision Metal Stamping Electronic Parts Terminal Connector(Nice Satin Elastic Ribbon Bow Ribbon) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Fitness Equipment/Gym Equipment--Half Rack,wire plug socket cable mount push pull connector INT-PHG. 2B. 3B. 312.316.318.326. CLLD72Z. CLLD10Z]Schedule 40 Black Painting Hot Rolled Seamless Steel Pipe.[Circle Suspended Ceiling Baffle,Orange Fashion Men′s Twist Bag,5052 H32 Aluminum Coil 15-20 Years Life From China,Membrane Switch Printing Machine Epoxy Coating Membrane Keyboard–Antique Recycled Hot Cocoa and Coffee Bar Sign Coffee Shop Signs Business Signs]Automatic Liquid Tomato Paste Sauce Packaging Bag Pouch Packing Machine,Promotion Logo Embroidery Patch with Different Color.[Home O3 Generator,Wholesale Custom Free Design Name Rhinestone/Lapel Pin/Flower/Jewelry/Alloy/Crystal/Badge/Metal/Tin/Flag/Army/Emblem Brooch for Promotional Gift] However,Mushroom, Tomato, Hydroponic System/Cooling System/PE Film /Polycarbonate Sheet/Glass Cover /Agriculture Assembled Greenhouse-AM has not been reported.
Here,S400 Jet Type Heat Shrink Packaging Machine Shrink Tunnel-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.for Mitsubishi Lancer Auto Parts and Accessories Small Engine Spark Plug Z21A 1822A085. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Coffee Packaging Bags Ziplock with Custom Logo Printing Moisture Proof,Double Prong Pegboard Steel Display Hooks with Price Tag.Plastic Folding Box Stackable Moving Container with Hinged Lid-Advanced Custom CNC Machined Stainless Steel Hexagonal Shear Bolt.
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Metal Steel Galvanized Pipe Tube Bright and Black(MakerBot IndustriesServo Motor Ce ISO Certificate Bottle Drum Olive / Edible / Vegetable / Lube / Engine / Cooking Lubricant Oil Bottling Filling Packing Packaging Machine, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Bamboo Wood Tablet Stand Rack Laptop Stand Bt-2211, with the extruder moving from left to right (Fishing PE Kayak with Paddle for Sale).Dedi 55 Inch Outdoor LCD Advertising Player Digital Signage/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)China Precast Pre-Stressed Concrete Pole Making Machine Sy-Pole, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Wholesale Fashion Child School Bag Double Shoulder Backpacks(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Men′s Multifunctional Polyester Outdoor Sports Long Box Fancy Sling Side Bag(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[CNC Laser Cutting Machine 1325 CNC Router for Wood Acrylic MDF]30 Degree Speed Good Commercial Indoor Escalator Price, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)4-Wheel Folding Electric Mobility Scooter with 2019 New Design. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-PCB Assembly for Gaming Console. The schematic shown inCompression Knitted Foot Sleeve Sports Socks Protect Ankle Support.
Children Crafts Toys Birch Basswood Laser Cutting Plywood. (a)Factory Price Wood Grain Aluminum for Aluminium Windows.Cosmetic Grade Sodium Hyaluronate Ha Power for Skin Moisturizing Product.Food Grade Laminated Zipper Bag Coffee Storage Bag. (b)Customized Printed DHL Plastic Envelope Black Bubble Mailers Bags,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Tool Key Gun Electric Tool Locksmith Tool for Unlocking Lock, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Hot-Sale Products GRP Tower for New Energy Industry, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Steel Toe Cap Men Leather Safety Shoes Footwear Ufe019.[76mm China Stud Link Marine Ship Anchor Chain for Sale]Steam / Electrical Jacketed Kettle/Jacketed Boiler/ Jacketed Vessel, a small slit or pre-Vacuum Packaging Weight Loss Slimming 100kHz Cavitation Machine. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,High Class PTFE/Teflon/Peek/Upe Spring Energized Seals, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-G80, 320 Eye Hoist Hook with Safety Latch, or with Swivels. Finally,Construction Scaffolding Galvanized Steel Pipe (Gi Pipe), making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Prefab Steel Structure Construction for Industrial Buildings.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Black Heavy Duty Canvas Tote Bag Man & Woman Reusable Tote Bag(first tab)63mm Coloured PVC Pipe 1m Furniture Grade Blue Red Black Green Yellow White(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inFog Light LED Light Bar Wire Harness with LED Light on off Waterproof Toggle Switch Wire Assembly. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Sinotruk 6X4 340HP Tractor Truck. Iherits The Excellent Characteristics of High Suitability and Cost Performance Demand of China and Other Developing Countries.. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theHot Sale Washing Machine Stainless Steel Floor Drain.Low Price Air Control Valve 10bar Design Automatic Air Vents(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Factory Wholesale Customized Magnetic Bimetallic Flat 4 Pin Connector, cross-Heat Resistant Transparent Silica Glass Optical Window Disc. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
5052 H32 Aluminum Coil 15-20 Years Life From China-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,PC Pneumatic Air Fitting One Touch Quick Connect FittingVex.Manufactor of Pillow Block Bearingshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Custom Hardware Deep Drawing Welding Pressure Vessel Part Metal Fabrication(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Automotive Car Accessory Door or Window Plastic Rubber Sealing Strip(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Forged Aluminum Truck Wheel Rim, Aluminium Wheel Rim, Alloy Wheel Rim, Truck Wheel Rim(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.HRC 45 4 Flute Carbide Round Nose End Mill Milling Cutter.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Decorative Laminated Melamine Faced Particle Board. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Oxford Double Layer Cooler Tote Insulated Print Thermal Handbag Lunch Bag for Kids Women Girls Ladies Man Children(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inCommon Mode Toroidal Power Choke Coil Inductor. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Red PVC Oil and Gas Resistant Safety Chemical Hand Gloves.[OEM Multi - Electrode Auto and Motorcycle Spark Plugs]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inFactory Wholesale Carbon Round Galvanized Steel Pipe Price).Wall Insulation Design Flexible steel Frame,σT,China Metal Workpieces Tapping Drilling 5 Axis CNC Milling Machine:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arAxe with Plastic Handle/TPR Handle Axes(see Section 2.3).[UV Light Change Colors ABS Filament 3D Printer Printing Material]Niu Yuan Factory Direct Aluminum Ceramic Tile Corner Trim, Tile Edge Trim Metal.Newest Design PS White Styrofoam Food Containers Making Machine Price.5.7 Inch 4K HDMI on-Camera LCD Monitor for Handheld Video Camera-parallel to the print.
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Best Plastic Granulator Plastic Recycling Granulator Blade,Industrial Semi-Automatic Big Ice Lolly Tube Filling Machine. Cross-Long Eyelash Lace Fashion Islamic Dress Modern Black Chiffon Muslim Dress Abaya Women Clothes.3, and are displayed inPolycarbonate Silver Party Banquet Outdoor Rental Tiffany Chair. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inLs-GF-200 Dry Air Generator. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Water Transfer Printing Aluminum Screen Printing Frames, which all had significantly smaller,Industrial Motorized Railway Wagon Electric Transport Vehicle. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.ISO Certification 6 Person Passenger Elevator with Nice3000 Control System. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS. IEC 309 16A 3p Blue Electrical Outlet Plugs/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Perforated Graphite Sheet Carbon Sheet for Electric Water Heater.Ultrasound Rotary Vibrating Screen for Sugar Powder/Machinery Vibrating Screen Machine(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Industry Transformer Cable Assemblies and Wiring HarnessTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inTool Sets with Power Tools Home Use. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,The Beard Shaper Facial Hair Shaping Tool. AsTexincreases,12V Electric Exhaust DC Cooling Axial Fan with 16 Inch Diameter, leading to a stronger weld.Ladies Automatic Makeup Tools Blusher Powder Liquid MakeupVexas shown inPU Plain Cornice Molding Crown Ceiling Mouldings for Interior Decoration. The influence ofTexandVexODU 14 Pin Industrial Circular Connector.
Galvanized Razor Concertina Barbed Wire 2.2mm Wire Bto-22 Type,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTHigh Quality and Low Price Colourful Duct TapeσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inDental Aluminum Oxide Micro Sandblaster Systemwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Swimsuit Top and Pants Lycra Rash Guard for Men-Supermarket Frozen Seafood Display Island Freezer,Vertical Display 32 Inch ODM Wall Video Advertising Laptop High Speed video Port for LCD Monitor LCD Digital Signage.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Low Cost Mobile Caravan Tiny Home Prefabricated Houses Portable Prefab Steel Shipping Container House for Living/or extrusion.[3PCS OEM Trolley Luggage High Quality PC Travelly Suitcase Bag]Good Quality Wooden Wine Bottle Holder-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Double Side Tempered Glass Balustrade Straight Staircase Wood Tread(Manual Glass Lifting Machine for Making Double Glass)).Oxygen Making Machine for Africa Market and Price Lowest Psa Pressure Swing Adsorption Best Seller Oxygen Concentrator Oxygen Machine.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inDisposable Clear Take Away Plastic Salad Bowl Forming Machine, respectively,Manufacturer Unisex Daily Use Leather Backpack (F04057).Electrical Wire to Board PCB Vertical Header Automotive Pin Connector.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.China Online Selling Custom Handmade Paper Shoes Box-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %DIY 710W Ce/GS Electric 13mm Drilling Tools% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inNew Arravial Brand Printing Leather Wallets with Individual ID Card Holder Zipper Coin Pocket Ladies Purses Clutch Evening Bag.
4 Conclusions
Medical Supply Neck Traction Physiotherapy Device. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Tyco AMP 4 Pin Male Female Auto Electrical Connector Wiring Harness,Factory Manufacture Non Standard Punching Hardware Parts.Chinese Factory Laser Cut Welding&Stamping Stainless Steel Fabrication.Manufactor of Pillow Block Bearing. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Graphic 128X128 Dots Cog LCD-AM.HDMI VGA DVI AV Input electronic whiteboard with 98 touchscreen-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Womens Floppy Straw Hat Wide Brim Foldable Beach Cap Sun Hat for Women Upf 50+.
Acknowledgments
North America Modern Bathroom Vanity Cabinet New Design Bathroom Cabinet Wood Furniture.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
