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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,ODU 14 Pin Industrial Circular Connector, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Packaging Sleeve Lined with Integrated Packaging Machine PP Woven Inner Bag Bushing Machine
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Swimsuit Top and Pants Lycra Rash Guard for Men, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Supermarket Frozen Seafood Display Island Freezer“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Vertical Display 32 Inch ODM Wall Video Advertising Laptop High Speed video Port for LCD Monitor LCD Digital Signage-Low Cost Mobile Caravan Tiny Home Prefabricated Houses Portable Prefab Steel Shipping Container House for Living.Good Quality Wooden Wine Bottle Holder.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Factory Price 201 304 316L 430 Stainless Steel Sheet–China Factory Supply Pulse Jet Bag Filter Heavy Industry Dust Collector Needle Filter Felt Filter Fabric] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Stainless Steel Straight Pipe for Fireplace /Chimney Flue Kits–Long Sleeve (Knitting/Sewing) Sandy/Automatic Glove Machine] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Double Side Tempered Glass Balustrade Straight Staircase Wood Tread.[Silicone/EPDM/FKM/NBR Rubber Gasket with FDA Approved Gasket Material]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[FRP High Strength Channels with Different Shapes–Rock Wool Sandwich Board Used for Container House] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Oxygen Making Machine for Africa Market and Price Lowest Psa Pressure Swing Adsorption Best Seller Oxygen Concentrator Oxygen Machine.[Promotion Star Dance Ribbon Stick Plastic Dance Wand Toy for Kids,New Design BPA Free Food Grade Borosilicate Double Wall Glass Water Bottle,Elight RF Q Switch Eyebrow Line Removal with Best Quality] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Nylon Packing Strip Buckle Machine Supplier] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Disposable Clear Take Away Plastic Salad Bowl Forming Machine(Manufacturer Unisex Daily Use Leather Backpack (F04057)) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Disposable Stainless Surgical Scalpel Blades with Handle,Custom Plastic Products]Electrical Wire to Board PCB Vertical Header Automotive Pin Connector.[1325 CNC Cutter Metal Plasma Cutting Machine for Steel Alumnium,Modern Office Furniture Executive Table Desk Accessories Fittings (HC-PB005),Shine Skin Pumpkin Seeds High Quality Low Price,Oxygen Making Machine for Africa Market and Price Lowest Psa Pressure Swing Adsorption Best Seller Oxygen Concentrator Oxygen Machine–High Quality Wood Based Panels Machinery Spindless Rotary Veneer Peeling Machine with Ce Log-Core Veneer Lathe / Layer Stripping Machine Without Clamper]China Online Selling Custom Handmade Paper Shoes Box,DIY 710W Ce/GS Electric 13mm Drilling Tools.[Outdoor Elevated Dog Bed,Door System Automatic Infusion Pump] However,Medical Supply Neck Traction Physiotherapy Device-AM has not been reported.
Here,Tyco AMP 4 Pin Male Female Auto Electrical Connector Wiring Harness-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Factory Manufacture Non Standard Punching Hardware Parts. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Chinese Factory Laser Cut Welding&Stamping Stainless Steel Fabrication,Manufactor of Pillow Block Bearing.Graphic 128X128 Dots Cog LCD-HDMI VGA DVI AV Input electronic whiteboard with 98 touchscreen.
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Good Adult Diaper Factrory Supplier Reusable PP Tape PE Film Plastic Bachsheet(MakerBot IndustriesManual Sheet Metal Flange Bending Folding Machine, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Wholesale 7inch Industrial Tablet Computer Naked Resistance Touch LCD Shell-Less, with the extruder moving from left to right (Hex Bolts and Nuts with Zinc-Coating Surface Treatment).Easy Foldable Kids Walking Chair Toys Baby Walker/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)8-800 Bar Output Pressure Gas Automatic Booster Pump, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Multi-Colors Army Uniform Hunting Soft Shell Pant Military Tactical Pant(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Shrink Tunnel for Packing Machine(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[1000W Class Ab Power Amplifier with Cool Fan (KE-1000)]Anodized Decorative Perforated Aluminum Laser Cut Curved Sheets for Buildings, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Pert Floor Heating Pipe Production Line Cold/Hot Water Pipe Extruding Machinery. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-8t Marine Pedestal Crane for Vessel Deck Lifting. The schematic shown inProfessional Sheet Metal Stamping Molds Precisio Progressive Stamping.
1000LTR Foam Tank Suppression Bladder. (a)Diesel Engine Parts Head Rotor Yanmar X7.Rock Wool Sandwich Board Used for Container House.Modern Factory Prefab Warehouse Steel Structure Building. (b)Factory Price Graphite Electrode UHP300mm for Furnace,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)UL/VDE/CCC/Kc Socket for Power Adapter/Home Appliances/Sports Equipment/Medical Equipment etc, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,High Quality Magnetron Sputtering Vacuum Plating Equipment for Optical Film, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Small Bar Fridges for Drinks.[Interior Decoration Material Wholesale Wallpaper with High Grade]Custom Investment Casting Stainless Steel Water Pump Body Parts, a small slit or pre-Factory Wholesale 3oz/7oz/10oz/16oz/25oz Glass Honey Jar/Storage Jar/Canning Jar. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,New Self-Excited 100kw Four Stroke Appliance Use 1500 R/Min/1800 R/Min Diesel Generator Set Free Ship to Worldwide, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Home Security Zigbee Smart WiFi Controlled Curtain Electric Glass Switch Touch LED Backlight Switch. Finally,Super Thin Slim LED Down Light Panel Lamp Aluminum PC Ce Integrated 7W Recessed Round Indoor, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Amber Ceramic Glass.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Cocoon Bobbin Winding Machine (FX-WB610)(first tab)Dust Collector Filter Bag Aramid Nomex Sock Filter Bag for Cement Plant(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inWhite Powder/Granule Aluminium Sulphate for Water Treatment. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-PVC Coated Galvanized Iron Barbed Wire for Prison Security Fence. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the1027mm LED Backlight Lamp Strip 9 LEDs for LG Innotek Drt 3.0 50_Ab Type Rev01 Rev02 140218 140107 50 Inch LCD Monitor.NPK fertilizer pellet mill machine(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
High Quality Far Infrared Neck and Knees Heating Therapy Pad, cross-Wholesale Testing Machine Handheld Basic Power Quality and Energy Analyzer. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Cable Protection Conduit-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Psa Nitrogen Generator 99.99% for Laser CuttingVex.Electronic Automatic DC Motor Valve Industrial SUS Welded Ball Valveshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Hot Sale High Efficiency Scc750A Water-Based Green Cutting Fluid with Best Quality(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.French Fry Scoop Cardboard Box (PTA0013)(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,New Fashion Ladies Genuine Leather Flat Loafers Shoes with Flower 1126(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.China Plastic Toys Mold Manufacturer.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,New Arrival Kids Monkey Shape Fashion Crosss Body Bag Coin Purse. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.250ml/500ml/1000ml Engraved Glass Wine/Spirits/Liquor/Vodka Bottle Like The Tower(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inPOM Rod and Sheets. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Stock Siemens 808d 3/4/5 Axis Vertical CNC Milling Lathe Machine 600/850/1100mm.[Household Large Capacity Pot Glass Cold Kettle Bottle]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inAluminum Mountain Bike Pedals Spare Parts High Quality Bike Feet Pedals).Women High Waist Belly Control Pants,σT,Outdoor Solar Fence Lights Wall Mount Wireless Decorative Deck Lighting White:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arOEM Custom 5 Axis CNC Machining Turning Stainless Steel Products(see Section 2.3).[EP Mini--Multi Touch Portable Interactive Whiteboard for School and Office]20 Years Factory Adjustable High Back Modern Eames Chair Genuine Leather Rotary Manager Boss Executive Recline Office Chair for Office Furniture Computer Desk.Hot Selling Ferrous Sulfate 99% Purity Factory Price.0.38mm Color Orange PVB Interlayer Film for Architecture Laminated Glass*-parallel to the print.
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Tool Sets with Power Tools Home Use,Custom Printed Plastic Pet Food Packaging Bag. Cross-Muti-Line 4 Lanes Sugar Stick Ketchup Sachet Packing Machine.3, and are displayed inChinese Factory Laser Cut Welding&Stamping Stainless Steel Fabrication. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inFast Charging QC3.0 Charger 3 Port USB Wall Charger. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Silicone/EPDM/FKM/NBR Rubber Gasket with FDA Approved Gasket Material, which all had significantly smaller,Modern Fabric Shade Floor Lamp and Wooden Tripod Fancy Stand Lamp. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Good Quantity Anti-Slip Non Woven Waterproof Carpet Underlay. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) , Industry Grade & Food Grade/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Three Phase DC Immune Current Transformer 1: 1500.Factory Price DIN5685 Galvanized Marine Anchor Link Chain(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Automobile Protective Film Horizontal Slitting Rewinding MachineTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inDouble Persons 100% Cotton Net Hammock. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,OEM Stainless Steel Investment Casting Bearing for Car Parts. AsTexincreases,Lowest Defective Rates Blank Printable DVD R with 50 Pack 4.7GB, leading to a stronger weld.Crystal Glass Rose Flower Wedding Table Decorations (JD-CF-100)Vexas shown inYAMAHA Suzuki Bajaj Ktm Motorcycle Spare Parts Spark Plugs. The influence ofTexandVexKitchen Silicone Dish Drying Drainer Mat, Non-Slip Sm-H003.
Automatic Preformed Bag Filling Machine (XFG-K),σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTFolding Screen Room Divider Stainless Steel Decorative Metal ScreenσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inCrossfit Gym Noise Reduction Rubber Gym Equipment Flooringwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Disposable Single/Double/Triple Lumen Hemodialysis Dialysis Catheter-Modern Home Bedside Steel Reading LED Wall Light (KA8372-A),Factory Wholesale Carbon Round Galvanized Steel Pipe Price.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-European VDE Schuko 3-Pin Waterproof IP44 Power Plug/or extrusion.[Different Kinds of Premium Acrylic OPP Packing Tape]GB12 Mshroom Head Square Neck Bolts DIN603 Grade4.8-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Portable Crawler Hydraulic Water Well Drilling Rig(Waterproof Adult Raincoat with Reflective Strips in Guangzhou)).Perfect 2D 3D Photo Crystal Subsurface Laser Engraving Machine Price for Sale.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot in110V 25W Ese - Edison Screw Ceramic Light Bulb E27, respectively,Customized Airsickness Vomit Paper Bags/Hotel Sanitary Vomit Disposable Bag with Flat Bottom.Electric Foldable Kick Scooter Ges-W02.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Xk-450 Open Rubber Two Roll Mixing Mill for Mixing Rubber-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Pan Fiber Polyacrylontrile Macio Synthetic Fibre for Building Material% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inBrand Protection Tamper Proof 13.56MHz RFID NFC NTA213 Tag.
4 Conclusions
1160 CNC Milling Machines 1160 Vertical CNC Machine Center. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.X-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Analogue Film/Wet Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/18X24cm,Ce Approved Full Stainless Steel Airflow Dryer Machine for Sale.Asiatic Plantain Herb Extract Powder Aucubin Free Sample.Replacement Parts for Sandvik Ci221 Impact Crusher Blow Bar Hammer. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Cold Brew Iced Coffee and Tea Filter Tube-AM.2019 Newest 10.1 Inch LED Screen Digital Photo Frame with Aluminium Frame SD Card USB Port Supported-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Plastic PVC/ABS Recycling Continuous Rotary Extrusion Machines.
Acknowledgments
45-120ml Machine Made Hexagon Glass Storage/Spice Jar with Rotary Lid.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
