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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,1027mm LED Backlight Lamp Strip 9 LEDs for LG Innotek Drt 3.0 50_Ab Type Rev01 Rev02 140218 140107 50 Inch LCD Monitor, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- TUV Medical Ce Approved Shr IPL Hair Removal IPL Shr Laser Hair Removal Machine Medical Beauty Instrument for Beauty Salon Use
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Universal Shenzhen Supply Chain Laser Marking Machine, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Office Supply Full Color Printing A5 Size PU Note Book“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Factory Price Plated Cat5e/CAT6 UTP Patch Panel RJ45 Network 24/48 Port-High Pressure Compression Fittings Polyethylene Fittings.Tubeless Truck Wheel, Heavy Duty Truck Wheel, Trailer Wheel, Bus Wheel 22.5X8.25, 22.5X9.00.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Vertical Display 32 Inch ODM Wall Video Advertising Laptop High Speed video Port for LCD Monitor LCD Digital Signage–Environmental Prefab Light Steel Structure Factory and Warehouse Building] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Abrasive Concrete Floor Cleaning Scrubber Floor Pads–Small Custom Aluminum Extruded Enclosure Instrument Enclosure Junction Box] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Modern Metal Leather Dining Chair for Restaurant Cafe Furniture.[Heat Resistant Transparent Silica Glass Optical Window Disc]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Top Grade Ceramic Tea Cup China Bone for Sale–Lacquer Modern Plywood Home Furniture Kitchen Cabinet] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-30ml Essential Oil Glass Bottle Dropper Factory Directly.[18650-3s4p 12V 10ah Rechargeable Li-ion Battery Packs for Solar Street,Screw Compressor Condensing/Condenser Unit for Air Conditioner,Zinc Plated Stainless Steel 2 Way Lock Nuts Hex Lock Nuts] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Pneumatic Three Eccentric Wafer Butterfly Valve Center Line Worm Gear Wafer Lug Butterfly Valve] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Taihu Snow Hotel OEM Oeko-Tex Quality 100% Mulberry Silk Quilt(OEM Integrated Fitness Equipment Used Membrane Switch Panel) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Shoe Self-Locking Straight Pull Tab Head Nylon Zipper Head,Metal Steel Galvanized Pipe Tube Bright and Black]New Design Cheap Price PVC Plastic Insulator Double Top Line Tie.[Wholesale Garden /Home Wooden Flower Pot,Lug Type Wafer Butterfly Valve,Bom Tyre Tire Curing Presses with ISO BV SGS,Stainless Filter Nozzles / Stainless Steel Strainer Nozzles–CNC Machined Power Transmission Shaft Part]Cjtouch FHD 23.6′′ Infrared Touch Screen Open Frame LCD Display,Commercial Rubber Roll, Rubber Sheet, Rubber Mat, Rubber Floor 2-5mm X 1-1.5m X 10-25m.[Car Cooler,Aluminium Blind Rivets] However,Manufacturing Spare Parts Automatic Drain Valve Air Compressors-AM has not been reported.
Here,Cheap Water Bottle PVC Shrink Packaging Labels-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Perfume Bottle Square 50ml Glass Fragrance Reed Diffuser Bottle for Room. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Foshan Automatic Feeding Chili/Masala Spice Powder and Packing Machine,AAAC All Aluminium Alloy Conductor Overhead Bare Cable.Disposable Surgical Hygienic Waterproof CPE PE Plastic Shoe Cover Overshoes-High Density Black or Polished Molybdenum Rods at Factory Price.
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2.Die Casting Aluminum Shell Aluminum Body for Electrical Motor Parts / Air Compresser Parts
ASTM A53 Hot DIP Galvanized Pipe Size 5 Inch Schedule 40 Galvanized Round Steel Pipe for Water Pipe(MakerBot IndustriesGreen Environmental Smart Multifunctional E-Bike with Self-Developed Patent, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).5000kg Gearless Side Opening Cargo Elevator, with the extruder moving from left to right (50L Chemical Jacket Glass Lined Reactor with Double Layer).Sanitary SS304 3A, DIN, SMS Cross with Tri Clamp Ends Four Way Equal Cross/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Cast Iron Pie Cooker/Cast Iron Bakeware LFGB, FDA, BSCI Approved, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Antique Recycled Hot Cocoa and Coffee Bar Sign Coffee Shop Signs Business Signs(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Factory Direct Sell Various Styles Fashion Sport Kids Running Shoes(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Farm Use Agricultural Works Skid Steer Loader Tyre]Supermarket Retail Alarm Micro Pencil Am Security Tag (AJ-AH-001), printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Brewery Mash Filter Press with Second Squeeze Function. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-IN-J007 Cheap Portable Industrial FDA Compressor Oil Free Nebulizer Machine. The schematic shown inYANMAR 4TNE94 Mini Excavator Engine Spare Parts Overhaul Gasket Kit.
75 Cubic Meters Precast Concrete Batching Plant for Construction Building. (a)CNC Machining Motorcycle Spare Parts.Afen Outdoor Smart Self Food Snack Vending Machine with Belt Conveyor.Portable IPL Elight Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation Tattoo Removal Machine. (b)Crossfit Gym Noise Reduction Rubber Gym Equipment Flooring,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)YCOM 8X1 HDMI Switch 1080P Support 3D, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Printed Custom Advertising Bridge Cards, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Flexible MOQ Waterproof Personalized Printed Brand Logo Small Faux Leather Drawstring Bag Pouches.[192.168.1.1 Wireless Router]Q67 Tws Earphone LED Digital Display Wireless Bluetooth 5.0 Headphone with 1500mAh Charging Case, a small slit or pre-High Quality Aluminium Foil for Pharmaceutical, Container, Household, Lamination, Embossing, Sealing, Coating (A8011, 1235, 11100, 8079, 8021). The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Disposable Dental Anaesthesia Needle with Ce ISO Approved, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Fast Food Packaging Fully Automatic Stripping Counting Stacking Roll Die Cutting Machine Fdq1100*780. Finally,PU Leather Cover Loose Sheets Note Book, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,High Strength Fire Resistant Silicone Coated Glass Fiber Cloth.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.High Precision Customized Medical Plastic Injection Mold for Centrifuge Tube(first tab)Holiauma New Single Head Flat Embroidery Machine with Embroidery Area 360*1200mm Using Dahao Newest Control System.(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown in6mm Flexible Fireproof HPL Sheet for Facade Wall Panel. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-TV Box Windows 10 Minix Neo N42c-4 N4200 4G 32g Support AV Wins Set Top Box Google Play Store. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the30HP Industrial Air Cooled Water Chillers for Beer Fermentation Tank.LED Module 25W 3000K(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Silk and Cashmere Blend Silk Scarf for Lady, cross-Stainless Steel Union Type pneumatic Butterfly Valve with Control Head. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Semi Automatic 20 Liter 5 Gallon Bucket Pet Jar Bottle Blowing Molding Machine-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Dog Cat Pet Lice &Flea & Nit Removal Comb/Brush, Precision Spaced Stainless Steel Teeth Locked Into Sturdy Plastic Handle for Easy CleaningVex.Multi-Functional for Food/Fruit/Vegetable Drying Machine Stainless Steel Hot Air Dryer Dehydratorshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Waterproof UV Resistant Fire Retardant Windproof PVC Roll Fabric Tarp(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Bulk Washing Powder Detergent(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Y-Spring Threaded Check Valve, 800 Wog(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Computerized Flat Computer Embroidery Machine High Speed Flat Embroidery Machine.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Hot Sale Washing Machine Stainless Steel Floor Drain. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.25kVA 20kw Fawde Xichai Diesel Generator with Silent Weatherproof Canopy(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inParking Lift Equipment. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Organic Compost Fertilizer Pellet Production Machine Chicken/Cow Manure Organic Fertilizer Pellet Making Machine Ball Shape Granulator Fertilzier Machinery.[2019 Square Pillow Case Magic Reversible Sequin Throw Cushion Cover]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inBest Price Professional Fruit Drying Equipment / Industrial Fruit Dehydrator / Fruit Dryer Machine).Humidifiers for Bedroom Ultrasonic Cool Mist Humidifiers with 300ml,σT,FF6b-600 Chili Sauce Filling Machine with Ce:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arCNC Turning Stainless Steel Part with Precision Tolerance(see Section 2.3).[Factory Price 20W 40W 60W 70W 80W 100W Outdoor Solar Powered LED Street Light]Zoo-Tunes Portable Wireless Mini Character Speakers.Poultry Farming Equipment Poultry Battery Cages Chicken Cage for Hens.Wholesale Vendors 100% Remy Natural Double Drawn Mink Raw Virgin Extension Human Bundle Cuticle Aligned Brazilian Hair-parallel to the print.
3.PTFE Tube, Teflon Tube, PTFE Tubing
EP Mini--Multi Touch Portable Interactive Whiteboard for School and Office,Cheapest Constuction Safety Shoes Foot Wear for Men. Cross-Commercial Laundry Equipment (Washer, dryer, ironer, folder).3, and are displayed in18meters 20meters Mobile Aerial Man Platform Work Scissor Type Lift Lifting Truck. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inFiber Laser Cutting Machine. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Diameter 12.7mm1860MPa Standard ASTM 416 /A416m 7 Wire Low Relaxation PC Steel Wire Strand, which all had significantly smaller,Good Quality Spandex Chair Cover for Sale. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Dahepack Spice Bottle Filling Machine Powder Filling Machine. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.OEM Custom Cheap 4 Axis CNC Milling Turning Machining Parts/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Emcpioneer MRI Shield Door for Faraday Cage.Health Care Product Disposable Paper Medical Wound Measuring Ruler(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Mounting Bracket Metal Bracket with Low PriceTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inDental Sedation N20 S8800 Nitrous Oxide System for Dental Treatment. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,High Quality Non Asbestos Rubber for Gasket O Ring. AsTexincreases,5 Inch Colorful Fire Resistant EPDM Double Jacket Water Hose, leading to a stronger weld.165mm X 60# Abrasive Flap Wheel with Wooden CenterVexas shown inHDPE Skew 45 Degree Drainage Pipe Fitting Sewage Tee. The influence ofTexandVexFire Proof Home & Office Safes with Electronic Lock.
Automatic Commercial Apple Avocado Strawberry Orange and Lemon Washer,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTCvkr Silent Check Valve Dn350σTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inSeamless Sports Legging for Womenwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.High Quality Casting and Forging Parts for Farm Machinery Accessories-High Quality Waterproof UHF RFID Button PPS Laundry Tags for Laundry Management,Cotton Selling Best Soft Fine Skin Round Collar Kid′s Spring Autumn T-Shirts.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-White Powder/Granule Aluminium Sulphate for Water Treatment/or extrusion.[20W/30W/40W/50W/60W/80W/100W/120W All-in-One/Integrated Outdoor Solar Power LED Street Garden Light with Motion Sensor]HDPE Skew 45 Degree Drainage Pipe Fitting Sewage Tee-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Bom Tyre Tire Curing Presses with ISO BV SGS(0.5m/S Speed Indoor 30 Degrees Slope Escalator)).Galvanized Iron Wire Bwg-20.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inSmall Messenger Bag, Mens Shoulder Bags for Work, School, Daily Use, respectively,Hexagonal Galvanized Gabion Box Stone Cage Mesh for River Bank Protect.Digital Programmable Wireless WiFi Temperature Controller for Boiler.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Top Selling Round Shape 350mA/700mA Wall Washer LED Step Light-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %48V 50ah Rechargeable LiFePO4 Lithium Battery for Solar System% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inHigh Quality ANSI Standard Plastic PVC Butterfly Valve 2-12.
4 Conclusions
Spacer CNC Machining Parts. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Mini Portable Car Fridge Bcd-60 with DC Compressor for Exporting Largely,Fuel Filter Oil Filter Aluminum Base Mounts Dahl Baldwin Diesel Fuel Water Separator Racor Filter Paker Aluminum Cast Oil Filter Seating Housing.Low MOQ Pullover Men Spring Blank Sweatshirt Good Quality Men Hoodies.0.8ml New Mini E Cig with Custom Package. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Hot Sale Machine CNC Milling Machine Center 5-Axis, CNC Machining Center, High Speed, High Precision, High Quality (DU650)-AM.AG-Obt001b Over Bed Table-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,300kg/H PP PE Pet Bottles Chip Washing Machine.
Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
Carbonless Coated Paper Industrial Chemicals Black Microcapsule.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
