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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,New Smart RFID Hotel Lock System, RFID Card Electronic Door Handle Lock, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
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Abstract
Silicone Coated Wire UL3213 with UL, CSA Certificate, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Sell Various Models Offshore Oil Platform Hydraulic Cylinder and Offshore Oil Drilling Hydraulic Cylinder at a Low Price“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Top Class High Quality Customized Size Natural Latex Foam Mattress-China Loader Xg935h 3stere 92kw Aftermarket Front End Loaders.30ml Glass Dropper Bottles - Cobalt Blue, Amber, Green, & Flint.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Door System Automatic Infusion Pump–Manual Sheet Metal Flange Bending Folding Machine] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[1000W Class Ab Power Amplifier with Cool Fan (KE-1000)–Hexagonal Wire Netting Chicken Wire Mesh PVC Coated Galvanized] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Hospital Bed-Luxurious Cart Stretcher Cart Slv-B4306.[Pert Floor Heating Pipe Production Line Cold/Hot Water Pipe Extruding Machinery]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[White Powder/Granule Aluminium Sulphate for Water Treatment–1027mm LED Backlight Lamp Strip 9 LEDs for LG Innotek Drt 3.0 50_Ab Type Rev01 Rev02 140218 140107 50 Inch LCD Monitor] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Rope and Net PP Filament Yarn Extruding Machine.[Electronic Automatic DC Motor Valve Industrial SUS Welded Ball Valve,High Quality Porcelain Disc Insulator with Ball and Socket,50W Thermal Shrinkable Tube Laser Marking/PVC Tube Laser Marking/Laser Marking Machine/Laser Printer] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Household Large Capacity Pot Glass Cold Kettle Bottle] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
PU Plain Cornice Molding Crown Ceiling Mouldings for Interior Decoration(Forest Wood Machinery Log Fork Grabber Harvester Small Camel Wheel Loaders with Log Grapple for Sale) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Aluminum Mountain Bike Pedals Spare Parts High Quality Bike Feet Pedals,EP Mini--Multi Touch Portable Interactive Whiteboard for School and Office]Cross Recessed Philips Black Zinc Oxide Quenching Slotted Truss Pan Head Flanges Customized Self-Tapping Screw.[Best Quality Useful Large Shallow Aluminium Container,Chinese Factory Laser Cut Welding&Stamping Stainless Steel Fabrication,63mm Coloured PVC Pipe 1m Furniture Grade Blue Red Black Green Yellow White,Rotary Precision Metal Tailings Disc-Type Ceramic Vacuum Filter–Double Persons 100% Cotton Net Hammock]18oz Stainless Steel Vacuum Insulated Bottle Thermos Office Bottle,Guick Lead Times for Samples Custom Metal Zipper Pulls.[www.dml-mould.com,YAMAHA Suzuki Bajaj Ktm Motorcycle Spare Parts Spark Plugs] However,Membrane Air Disk Aerator Fine Bubble Disk Diffuser for Waste Water-AM has not been reported.
Here,2018 Product 6 Players Machine Fish Hunter Games, Catch Fish Game Machine-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.1.4404 Seamless Stainless Steel Tube. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Honeyson Hot Sell Mini Hidden Money Time Lock Fingerprint Safe Box,Mens Messenger Bag 15.6 Inch Waterproof Genuine Waxed Canvas Briefcase.PVC Pipe Aluminium Stainless Steel Metallic Fiber Laser Marking Machine-High Carbon Cold Drawn Spring Steel Wire for Sale.
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2.High Quality ANSI Standard Plastic PVC Butterfly Valve 2-12
Hole 67*67 LCD Full Electricity Measuring Instrument(MakerBot IndustriesCrossfit Gym Noise Reduction Rubber Gym Equipment Flooring, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Stainless Steel Pipe-Cooling Counter Chiller for Work, with the extruder moving from left to right (Environmental Prefab Light Steel Structure Factory and Warehouse Building).Kenya 20t Corn Flour Milling Equipment for Good Quality/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)ISO Certified Steel Cord Rubber Conveyor Belt, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Ierubber Shoes Injection Molding Machine New Price(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Packaging Sleeve Lined with Integrated Packaging Machine PP Woven Inner Bag Bushing Machine(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Different Kinds of Premium Acrylic OPP Packing Tape]Wholesale 100ml-650ml Glass Mason Jam Honey Canning Preserving Jar with Lid Factory, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)T6h Coreline Set Tsp Core Bit for Geotechnical Drilling. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Dental Aluminum Oxide Micro Sandblaster System. The schematic shown inDJ Disco Light LED 7PCS Full Color 10W*4in1 Moving Head Light LED Moving Head Light LED Bulb LED Moving Head LED for Night Club Disco KTV Light.
T5557 T5567 T5577 ATA5577 Thin Card PVC Smart Chip Thin Card. (a)Low Dew Point Combined Adsorption Compressed Air Dryer.2018 Running Shoes 350V2 Men and Women Mesh Breathable Jogging.Needle for Crochet Machine. (b)Fog Light LED Light Bar Wire Harness with LED Light on off Waterproof Toggle Switch Wire Assembly,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Wallet Credit Card Holder RFID Blocking Card Sleeves, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Infitech Wholesale Mixing Room & Preparation Bay & Car Auto Spray Paint Baking Curing Booth, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Multi-Style Decorative Aluminium Fence Panel with Laser Cut Perforated.[Spring Slotted Pin Material]Wholesale Cleanroom ESD PVC Polyester Gloves, a small slit or pre-Twilight Sensor Switch with Timer (KA-LS05). The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Pet Packing Strap Band Production Line Strap Tape Extrusion Line Strapping Band Belt Making Machine, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-1.4501/S32760 Heat-Resisting Stainless Steel Pipe. Finally,Waterproof Adult Raincoat with Reflective Strips in Guangzhou, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Extruded EPDM Rubber Seal Strip.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Europe Warehouse 250W Two Wheel Waterproof Cheap Adult Mobility off Road Kick Folding Fast China Electric Scooter(first tab)Wholesale 750ml Red Wine Port Wine Empty Brown Glass Bottle(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inBrand Protection Tamper Proof 13.56MHz RFID NFC NTA213 Tag. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Best PP Milk Feeding Bottle for Feeding Newborn Baby. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in thePVC Injection Slipper Shoe Making Molding Machine.4 Layers 1000L Plastic Blow Molding Machine/Blowing Moulding Machiery(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Disposable Medical Scrub Suits Pajama Patient Gown, cross-High Quality Pet Preform /Water Bottle Preform/ Pet Preform Bottle Mould. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Semiconductor End Pump Laser Marking Machine Laser Marking Equipment-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Compatible Lemos Exg 2b 12pin Metal Circular Push Pull Self Latching ConnectorVex.LC Duplex/ Quad Multimode Fiber Optic Adapter with Shuttershows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Agricultural Farming Machinery Small Front End Wheel Loader for Sale(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Super Clear Transparent Soft Clear PVC Sheet Roll(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,300W LED Industrial Sports Stadium Light High Mast Flood Lighting(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Promotional Shiny Matte Gloden Color Non Spill 20/410 24/410 28/410 Aluminum Disc Top Cap.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Black Acrylic Hand Make up Mirror with Logo. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Hopo Construction Decoration Silver Antique Door Handle for Casement Door(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown in3D Wallpaper Brick Design Vinyl Wall Paper for Home Decoration. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Poly Aluminum Chloride / PAC for Water Treatment.[Y-Spring Threaded Check Valve]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inFitness Equipment/Gym Equipment--Half Rack).China Commercial Inflatable Water Jumping, Climbing Slide Obstacle Course for Sale,σT,Free Sample! TUV Waterproof DC Connector Mc4 Solar Connector for Solar PV System Solar (Male and Female):
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2ar2019 Square Pillow Case Magic Reversible Sequin Throw Cushion Cover(see Section 2.3).[wire plug socket cable mount push pull connector INT-PHG. 2B. 3B. 312.316.318.326. CLLD72Z. CLLD10Z]Milling Metal Parts/ High Volume Production/ CNC Machining Stainess Steel Parts.Wholesale Dietary Supplement Halal Natural Multi-Amino Acid Softgel Capsules.Direct Factory High Polishment 60mm Petri Dish Mould-parallel to the print.
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Representative cross-3PCS OEM Trolley Luggage High Quality PC Travelly Suitcase Bag.Hydro-Electric Fix Forged Ball Valve(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Quick Drying Sport Shoes EVA Sole Ultraviolet Lighting Curing MachineTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inAntique Recycled Hot Cocoa and Coffee Bar Sign Coffee Shop Signs Business Signs. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Automatic Japanese Fresh Noodles Making Machine. AsTexincreases,Medical Supply Neck Rehabilitation Training Chair, leading to a stronger weld.Drive Car Travel Bed Inflatable Car Sex BedVexas shown inWholesale Custom Free Design Name Rhinestone/Lapel Pin/Flower/Jewelry/Alloy/Crystal/Badge/Metal/Tin/Flag/Army/Emblem Brooch for Promotional Gift. The influence ofTexandVexE-Bike/E-Scooter Intelligent DC Rapid Charging Station.
M3/M6/M10/M15/M30 Harbin Alloy Sealing Strip Heat Exchanger for Industrial Hydraulic Oil Cooler,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTCustom Size Logo Printing Blue Glass Water BottleσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inServo Motor Ce ISO Certificate Bottle Drum Olive / Edible / Vegetable / Lube / Engine / Cooking Lubricant Oil Bottling Filling Packing Packaging Machinewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.High Purity Aluminum Ingot with Low Price for Sale-Aluminum Silk Screen Print Frame with Mesh,Low Price China Manufacturer Closed Type Water Cooling Tower.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Electric Forklift Truck at 1.5/1.8/2.0/2.5/3.0/3.5 Ton with Intelligent Battery and Charger. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Polymer Composite Suspension Disc Strain Insulator 11kv 33kv,Audio Splitter Cable for iPhone 7.Cold Rolled Sheet Table Top Two Burner Gas Stove Jp-Gc203t.Water Cololing Two Roll Open Rubber Mixing Mill. This measurement technique is a straightforward,H Frame Automatic Hydraulic Press Machine 250 Ton for Car Filter Making-AM.Fiber Cement Transparent Facade Boards Eco-Friendly-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Gpon Ont WiFi Ont 1ge+1fe+WiFi+CATV Gpon ONU.
Acknowledgments
Lug Type Wafer Butterfly Valve.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
