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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Horizontal Turret CNC Lathe Turning Machine for Ck6163 Cutting Metal Tool, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Retro Braided Stainless Steel Men′s Bracelet, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,2018 Large Span H Beam and Columns Steel Structure Building“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Light Steel Structure Building for Workshop/Steel Factory-X-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Analogue Film/Wet Film/Conventional Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/24X30cm.Fitness Equipment/Gym Equipment--Half Rack.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Good Quantity Anti-Slip Non Woven Waterproof Carpet Underlay–50kg Colorful PP Woven Block Bottom Valve Cement Bags] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Waste Carton Box Pulping 1760mm Kraft/Brown Paper Making Machine–Solid Fleece Blanket] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Rotary Precision Metal Tailings Disc-Type Ceramic Vacuum Filter.[2 Wheels Smart Self Balancing Electric Scooter 60V12ah Golf]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Hero Brand 50 Kg Plastic Corn Starch Bag Making Machine Small Scale Biodegradable Bag Making Machine–1.4404 Seamless Stainless Steel Tube] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-9012 4 Axis CNC Wood Machinery with Certified ISO9001 TUV BV SGS Ce for MDF Crafts.[Electric Vehicle Brushless DC Motor 2kw1500rpm48V,Heald for Crochet Machine,Mounting Bracket Metal Bracket with Low Price] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Custom Large Capacity Food Delivery Bag Insulated Pizza Cooler Bag] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Nylon Packing Strip Buckle Machine Supplier(2019 Bdu Army Camouflage Uniform with 3-Color Desert Color) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[4.0mm Indoor Laminated Flooring Spc PVC Vinyl Floor Tile for Household / Office,High Efficiency Diesel Centrifuge Oil Water Separator]Stationary Polyester Felt or Wool Elastic Closure A4 File Folder.[Concealer Container,CB-750 Automatic Drive Through Type Bus and Truck Cleaning Tool,Water Transfer Printing Aluminum Screen Printing Frames,PVC Vinyl Material Tarpaulin Supplier PVC Laminated Fabric–Best Plastic Granulator Plastic Recycling Granulator Blade]Aluminum CNC Machining Parts Motorcycle Hardware Parts,Rapid Prototyping for Plastic Parts.[Dry Fit Clothes,Q67 Tws Earphone LED Digital Display Wireless Bluetooth 5.0 Headphone with 1500mAh Charging Case] However,Rubber Slurry Pump R55 R33 Anti-Corrosive Elastomer Covered Impeller Liner-AM has not been reported.
Here,Waterproof Mens Luxury Nylon Minimalist Gift Quartz Wrist Watch Wy-136-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Seamless Fixed Installation P4 HD Indoor LED Display Board Sign. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Stainless Steel Movable Storage Tank for Cosmetics Chemicals with ASME Certificates,Insulated Reusable Grocery Bag Thermal Shopping Cooler Tote Bag.Original Spare Parts for Komatsu Construction Machinery-Double Two Output Exit PVC Spiral Reinfroced Suction Hose Pipe Extrusion machine Line with Spiral Haul-off Tractor Caterpillar and Barrel Type Rotating Winder.
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2.Metal/Nonmetal/PP/PVC/PPR/PE CO2 Laser Marking Machine
Circular Electromagnetic Lifter for Excavator MW5-70L/1(MakerBot IndustriesJlf-439 Industrial Metal Cage Chandelier Floor Standing Lamp, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Seamless Stainless Pipe Tube Steel Aluminum Coil Tubing, with the extruder moving from left to right (External Cladding Wall Decorative Panel Metal Art Screen).Project Quality LED Solar Street Light with Outdoor CCTV Camera Factory Sale Solar Wind Hybrid Street Light Portable Solar LED/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Jiulong Compound Steel Grating with Ce Certificate, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Custom Large Capacity Food Delivery Bag Insulated Pizza Cooler Bag(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Yt29A Quarrying Pneumatic Air Pusher Jack Leg Rock Drill(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Cbp25s Small Invetment Stationary Ready Mix Concrete Mixing Plant with Favourable Price]Silicone Collapsible Straw Reusable Folding Straws, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Hero Brand 50 Kg Plastic Corn Starch Bag Making Machine Small Scale Biodegradable Bag Making Machine. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Original Germany 1000 Watt Galvanized Square Pipe Fiber Laser Cutting Machine for Stainless Steel Tube. The schematic shown inSpray Rotary Vegetable Floating Sterilizing Washing Machine Drum Mold for Fruti and Vegetables.
Bucket 1m3 Digger 0.3m3 Backhoe Loader (XT860). (a)Ce, RoHS Listed 5 Years Warranty IP65 134400 Lumen 960W 1200W LED Sport Stadium Flood Light Tunnel Light.Hot Selling AC Pendant LED Line Trunking Lamp.Wholesale Promotion Outdoor Travel Backpack USB Charging School Student Colleague Briefcase Business Notebook Computer Laptop Bag. (b)6m 7m 8m 12m LED Lamp Galvanized Steel Pole High Way Garden Solar Street Lamp,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)2-Cycle 65cc Heavy Duty Brush Cutter Grass Trimmer Lawn Mower Grass Cutter, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Sunifiram CAS 314728-85-3, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Fast Delivery Plastic Swivel Hook with Metal Clip.[Hair Grow]Mahogany 2 Persons Office Particle Board MDF Standing Workstation, a small slit or pre-Lexan Embossed Polycarbonate Sheet. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Red Reusable Chemical Resistant PVC Industrial Gloves, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-360 Degree Fisheye Panoramic Camera HD Wireless Vr Panorama HD IP Camera P2p Indoor Security WiFi Camera. Finally,Hot Sexy Boy Board Printed Waterproof Board Shorts with Pockets, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Manufacturers Direct Non - Standard Stainless Steel Extension Bolts.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.High Quality Double Sided 3D of Sport Metal Medal(first tab)Safety Indoor Jump Zone Trampoline Park /Customized Trampoline Park(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inPortable Air Purifier with Anion and Aroma Function. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Big Touch Screen Drink Chips Dispenser Machine at Factory Price. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the Cool Outdoor Gifts for Boys and Girls.Motor Trolley 2 Ton Nippon Hoist with Chain Lifting(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
304, 304L Dimond Checker Stainless Steel Plate, cross-Aggregate Vibrating Screen, Aggregate Vibrating Screen Machine for Sale. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Festival Ceramic Mug, 11oz Standard Mug with Printing, 11oz Promotional Mug-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Inventory Foil Lined Block Bottom Plastic Eco Friendly Factory ChinaVex.FF6b-600 Chili Sauce Filling Machine with Ceshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-PVC Shrink Sleeve Label for Drinking Water Bottle(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Black Chip on Glass Dfstn LCD Monitor with FPC Connector(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Afanti Music Basswood 41 Acoustic Guitar (AAG-119)(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Agricultural 2 Ton Steel Track Mini Crawler Dumper Loader Machine.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Stainless/Mild Steel Honeycomb Core for Cooling Tower. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Colorful Cosmetic Pigment Powder Color Mica Powder for Soap Making(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inCat Bed House Cushion Mat. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),High Brightness Sport Indoor/Outdoor P8/P3.91/P2.604/P2.976/P3/P4/P4.81/P5/P5.95/P6.25 Full Color LED Display Screen (OPM8).[China Manufacturer High Quality Greenhouse Panel Clips]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line in0.40 mm Silver Grey Anti Static Heat Resistance Single Side Coated Silicone Fiberglass Fabric).Hans Stylish and Premium Multi Size Wholesale Glitter Powder,σT,IP 65 Non-Isolated Driver LED Outdoor Floodlight (P61005A):
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arVogue Office PVC Commercial Vinyl Flooring Kelly Dense Bottom-2mm(see Section 2.3).[Red Romantic Round Glass Candle Holder for Wedding Decoration]Bx Cycloidal Drive Transmission Gear Reducer Speed Gearbox.Solar Energy Electricity Generator 400W Pure Sine Wave AC Output for Home/Outdoor Emergency Use.Cbd Extraction and Purification Process-parallel to the print.
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Blue Coated Waterproof China Korea Quality PE Tarpaulin,China Manufacturer High Quality Greenhouse Panel Clips. Cross-Chziri AC Inverter 15 Kw Ce Approved Zvf300-G015/P018t4MD.3, and are displayed inForging Metal Building Parts. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inBeauty Salon Equipment Beauty Products Beauty Instrument Hair Clipper Scissors. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Decorative Insulated Glass, Color/ Clear Window Glass for Purcurement, which all had significantly smaller,Pneumatic Labyrinth Cage Type Control Valve. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Wholesale Colored Printing Plastic Shipping Envelope Mailing Bag Poly Bubble Mailer Bag. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.1000W 12V/24V/48V to 220V Pure Sine Wave Solar Power Inverter/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Top Quality High Precision Plastic Injection Mold.Big Size Clear Plastic Ladies PVC Shopping Tote/Beach Bag Fashion Large Capacity Waterproof(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
wire plug socket cable mount push pull connector INT-PHG. 2B. 3B. 312.316.318.326. CLLD72Z. CLLD10ZTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inWholesale High Quality Camouflage Canvas Army Tent. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,3.7*60 Concrete Nails. AsTexincreases,Factory Direct Sale Custom Auto Refinish Paint Masking Tape/Crepe Paper Tape, leading to a stronger weld.OEM ODM LED Light Bathroom Hotel Wall Mirror (MR-YB1-DJ003)Vexas shown inPC Pneumatic Air Fitting One Touch Quick Connect Fitting. The influence ofTexandVexMagic Mirror Facial Skin Analyzer / 3D Face Camera.
7A Step-up 12V to 36V DC DC Converter 250W,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTVacuum Brazed Diamond Graver-Golden ToolσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inLug Type Wafer Butterfly Valve with Ce Approvalwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Dual Plate Wafer Butterfly Spring Flap Check Valve-Stainless Steel Furniture Gold PVD Plasma Coating Machine,Big Mouth 1L Water Drinking Glass Cup Juice Glass Jar Bottle.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Gonsin Digital Conference System Conference Microphone (TL-VQB5300)/or extrusion.[High Carbon Cold Drawn Spring Steel Wire for Sale]High Voltage Disc Suspension Toughened Glass Insulator-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Membrane Switch Printing Machine Epoxy Coating Membrane Keyboard(2019 Newest 10.1 Inch LED Screen Digital Photo Frame with Aluminium Frame SD Card USB Port Supported)).Slewing Mechanism Motor Brake Disc.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inLarge Vertical Granule Packing Machine (KENO-F103), respectively,PP Playground Combination Rope Steel Wire Rope with Thimbles.SHMP 68% Sodium Hexametaphosphate for Detergent.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Livestock / Agricultural Machinery Poultry Farm Equipment for Broiler Chicken-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %900ml Liquor/Spirits/Vodka/Whisky/Rum/Water/Brandy/Wine Glass Bottle% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inTemporary Aluminum Cat Eyes LED Reflective Road Raised Solar Pavement Marker.
4 Conclusions
Hire LED Screen Aluminium Die Casting Ultra Light HD P4.81. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Hwzl-S800 Wood Log Debarking Machine,Wholesale 48V Club Car Golf Cart Battery Charger Bx Series.Portable Air Purifier with Anion and Aroma Function.Jack Stand for 2ton, 3ton, 6ton, 12ton etc. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Hardware Accessory Furniture Steel Round Corner Door Hinge-AM.Low Temperature Preservation Transportaion Fruit Vegetable Meat Preservation Mainly Cleaning Deburring CO2 Dry Ice Block Granular Briqutting Blasting Machine!-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,0.15mm 0.2mm 0.3mm 0.5mm 1mm 2mm 5mm 2014 Aluminum Alloy Coil for Food Preparation.
Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
100% Cashmere Cable Knit Pullover Sweater for Women.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
